6/19/20181Chapter 16 – Part 2The Search for AndrogynyAndrogyny: Having both masculine & feminine traitsPrior to 1970’s: Assumption of a single dimension|-----------------------------------------------------------------|Masculine FeminineThe Search for Androgyny1970s: Researchers challenged single dimension idea:Masculinity & femininity might be independentDeveloped new measures to assess 2 dimensions|-----------------------------------------------------------------|LowMasculinity High|-----------------------------------------------------------------|LowFemininity High6/19/20182The Search for AndrogynyMany criticisms of new measuresResearch shows: masculinity-femininity is a single bipolar traitNOT 2 independent traits|-----------------------------------------------------------------|Masculine FeminineGender StereotypesThree components:Affective: feelings e.g. hostility/warmthBehavioral: actionse.g. discriminationCognitive: thoughtse.g. categorizationsContent of stereotypes: Attributes we believe people possessGender StereotypesSimilar across culturesWomen: perceived as more communal & group orientedMen: perceived as more instrumental, asserting independence from group6/19/20183Gender StereotypesCan affectHealthJobsOdds of advancementSocial reputationsGender StereotypesJanet has slept with half the men in her biology lab. She is a s_u_.Jared has slept with half the women in his biology lab. He is a s_u_.Janet: slut; Jared: studDouble standardTheories of Sex Differences6/19/20184Socialization & RolesBoys: rewarded for acting “masculine”Girls: for acting “feminine”Bandura’s social learning theory:Boys & girls learn by observing same-sex othersSocialization & RolesCross-cultural evidence: diff treatment of boys & girlsCriticism: Idea that causal arrow runs only one way (parents  children) is questionableSocialization & RolesCriticism: No account of origin of sex-diffs in socialization practicesResponse: Social role theorySex diffs arise because men & women learn diff work & family rolesSome research support for social role theory but…Same problem: No account of origin of roles6/19/20185Hormonal TheoriesHormonal, physiological diffs cause boys & girls to develop differentlyAfter puberty: Not much overlap in testosterone levelsMen have about 10xmoreHormonal TheoriesSex diffs in testosterone: linked w/ gender rolesAggressionDominanceSexual desireCriticism:Bi-directional link between hormones & behavior e.g. acting agressively  increased testosteroneNo account of origins of hormonal differences Evolutionary TheorySexes are predicted to differ where they have faced with diff adaptive probsProbs must be solved to survive & reproduce6/19/20186Evolutionary TheoryResearch supports many predicted sex diffs, especially in sexualityProblem: Hard to explain ind diffsE.g. Why are some people more masculine/feminine than others?An Integrated Theoretical PerspectiveInclude all levels of analysisSocializationHormonalEvolutionaryIt’s not one or the other; they’re all