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TAMU FINC 201 - Test Study Guide

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Exam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 10-14 The following is the study guide provided by our professor on Blackboard with information from our text book added to enhance the study guide. Exam 3 – Study Guide This is not an exhaustive list of the material covered. You will be responsible for all material covered in lecture and in the textbook. Chapter 10 1. What were Freud’s psychosexual stages of development? Oral stage (first 18 months)- The infant’s pleasure centers on the mouth. Sucking, biting, and chewing reduce tension and add pleasure. Anal stage- (18-36 months)- Childs greatest pleasure involves the anus. “Holding it” and going to the bathroom. This usually takes place during potty training. Phallic stage (3 to 6 years)- Pleasure focuses on the genitals as the child discovers that self stimulation is enjoyable Latency period (6 years to puberty)- Freud believes that psychosexual development has paused Genital stage (adolescence and adulthood)- Sexual reawakening source of pleasure shifts to outside people rather than self. 2. Understand the following perspectives on human existence: a. Freud’s- The first five years are the most important for development, sexuality is the most pervasive force behind personlity b. Adler- People are motivated by purposes and goal; perfection not pleasure is the goal c. Horney- Believed that the prime motive for human existence is security not sex d. Jung- Everyone has a passive feminine side and assertive male side and a mask everyone wears during social interactions 3. What is Roger’s theory? Each person is born with natural capacities for growth and fulfillment and an innate sense of what is good and bad for us and a need for a positive regard from others a. How do we develop a self-concept according to his theory? PSY 120 1st EditionA self-concept is developed during childhood and it reflects our genuine, innate desires but can be influenced by conditions of worth that make us strive to actualize a self that we were not to be 4. What are the big five personality traits? OCEAN Openness- Imaginative or practical; interested in variety or routine; independent or conforming (Ross) Conscientiousness- Organized or disorganized; carful or careless; disciplined or impulsive (Monica) Extraversion- Sociable or retiring; fun loving or somber; affectionate or reserved (Joey) Agreeableness- Softhearted or ruthless; trusting or suspicious; helpful or uncooperative (Pheobe) Neuroticism- Calm or anxious; secure or insecure; self-satisfied or self-pitying (Chandler) 5. What is the difference between traits and states? Traits are enduring characteristics (which make up who you are) whereas states are brief experiences that you stay in only for a short period of time 6. Understand Bandura’s social Cognitive Theory It emphasizes the reciprocal influences of behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors a. Reciprocal determinism- the way behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors interact to create personality. The environment can determine a person’s behavior and person/cognitive factors can act to change the environment. b. Observational learning- Key aspect of how we learn. Form ideas about the behavior of others and then possibly adopt this behavior. c. Personal control- Regulation and control of our behavior despite the changing environment d. Self-efficacy- The belief that one can accomplish a given goal or task and produce positive change 7. Understand Gray’s reinforcement sensitivity theory Gray theorized that two neurological systems, the behavioral action system and behavioral inhibition system, explain differences in an organism’s attention to environmental rewards and punishments and in this way shape personality. 8. Understand self-report tests Also called an objective test or an inventory a method of measuring personality characteristics that directly asks people whether specific items describe their personality traitsa. Empirically keyed tests- A type of self-report that presents many questionnaire items to two groups that are known to be different in some central way b. MMPI- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory- the most widely used and researched empirically keyed self-report personality test c. Assessment of the Big Five factors- Evaluates the five factor model and six sub-dimensions that make up the five factors. 9. Understand the different projective tests a. Rorschach inkblot test- A famous projective test that uses an individual’s perception of inkblots to determine his or her personality b. Thematic Apperception Test- A projective test that is designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual’s personality Chapter 11 1. Understand the following errors or biases a. Fundamental attribution error- Observers overestimation of the importance of internal traits and underestimation of the importance of external situations when they seek explanations of another person’s behavior b. False consensus effect- Observers’ overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way they do c. Self-serving bias- The tendency to take credit for one’s own successes and to deny responsibility for one’s own failures 2. Understand cognitive dissonance- An individual’s psychological discomfort (dissonance) caused by two inconsistence thoughts 3. Understand the elaboration likelihood model Theory identifying two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route a. Central route- Engages someone thoughtfully with a sound, logical argument b. Peripheral route- Non message factors such as the source’s credibility and attractiveness or emotional appeals 4. Understand the following about aggression: a. Different types of aggression i. Overt- Physical or verbal behavior that directly harms another person ii. Relational- Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person b. The brain regions associated with aggression and how they are associated The frontal lobes are involved with executive functions and planning and self -control thus play a role in aggression. Low serotonin levels also have also been linked to aggression 5. Understand the Milgram experiment on obedience and the results The “learner” was strapped to a chair. The experimenter made it look as if a shock generator was being connected to the learner’s body through several electrodes. The


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