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Purdue PSY 120 - Psych exam 1 SG

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Chapter 1• Define Psychology -The scientific study of behavior and mind• Know the difference between a clinical psychologist and a psychiatrist- Psychiatrist is an M.D. and can prescribe medicine• Know the development of psychologyo Structuralism- Psychologists should seek the structure of the mind by breaking it down into elementaryparts, much as a chemist might try to understand a chemical compound. Wilhelm Wundt and Titchenero Functionalism- An early school of psychology; functionalists believed that the proper way to understand mind and behavior is to first analyze their function and purpose. William James and James Angello Behaviorism- A school of psychology proposing that the only proper subject matter of psychology is observable behavior rather than immediate conscious experience. John Watson, B. F. Skinnero Psychoanalysis- Insight leads to understanding how memories and mental processes produce problem behaviors. Freud. o Humanistic psychology- A movement in psychology that focuses on people’s unique capacities for choice, responsibility, and growth. Carl RogersChapter 3:Identify areas related to Neural areas/transmissiono Myelin sheath- insulator that speeds up neural transmissiono Cell body- the soma: the main body of the cello Synaptic gap- chemicals released from the terminal buttons flow into the synaptic gap (communication)o Resting potential- -60 to -70 mV, The tiny electrical charge in place between the inside and the outside of the resting neuron.o Action potential- The all-or-none electrical signal that travels down a neuron’s axon. All-or-nothing process- The action potential either fires completely or not at all. Once the firing threshold is reached, the action potential begins and travels completely down the axon toward the terminal buttons.• Identify and define areas of the braino Three major regions (forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain)Forebrain: cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamusMidbrain: Tectum, tegmentumHindbrain: Cerebellum, pons, medulla o Reticular formation: sleep and wake cycleso Substansia nigra: Releases dopamine (Dopamine- A neurotransmitter that has been linked to reward and pleasure systems in the brain; decreased levels have been linked to Parkinson disease, and increased levels have been linked to schizophrenia)o Thalamus- A relay station in the forebrain thought to be an important gathering point for input from the senses.o Hypothalamus- A forebrain structure thought to play a role in the regulation of various motivational activities, including eating, drinking, and sexual behavior. (4 F’s)o Frontal lobe- contains the motor cortex and may be involved in higher-level thought processes such as personality and critical thinkingo Occipital lobe- sight info processingo Parietal lobe- touch info processingo Temporal lobe- auditory info processingChapter 5:• Understando Trichromatic theory- A theory of color vision proposing that color information is extracted by comparing the relative activations of three different types of cone receptorso Opponent processes theory- A theory of color vision proposing that cells in the visual pathway increase their activation levels to one color and decrease their activation levels to another color—for example, increasing to red and decreasing to greeno Bottom-up processing- processing from physical message firsto Top-down processing- processing from knowledge and beliefs firsto Gestalt principles of organization-Proximity: If the elements of a display are close to each other—that is, they lie inclose spatial proximity—they tend to be grouped together as part of the same object.Similarity: Items that share physical properties—that physically resemble each other—are placed into the same set.Closure: Even if a figure has a gap, or a small amount of its border is missing, people still tend to perceive the object as a wholeGood Continuation: If lines cross or are interrupted, people tend to still see continuously flowing lines.Common Fate: If things appear to be moving in the same direction, people tend to group them together.o Frequency theory- The idea that pitch is determined partly by the frequency of neural impulses traveling up the auditory pathway.Chapter 7:• Understand the components of classical conditioningo Unconditioned stimulus: A stimulus that automatically leads to an observable response prior to any training.o Unconditioned response: The observable response that is produced automatically, prior to training, on presentation of an unconditioned stimulus.o Conditioned stimulus: The neutral stimulus that is paired with the unconditioned stimulus during classical conditioning.o Conditioned response: The acquired response that is produced by the conditioned stimulus in anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus.• Understand the components of operant conditioningo Law of effect: If a response in a particular situation is followed by a satisfying consequence, it will be strengthened. If a response in a particular situation is followed byan unsatisfying consequence, it will be weakened.o Reinforcement Positive: An event that, when presented after a response, increases the likelihood of that response. Negative: An event that, when removed after a response, increases the likelihood of that response occurring again.o Punishment Positive: An event that, when presented after a response, lowers the likelihood of that response occurring again. Negative: An event that, when removed after a response, lowers the likelihood of that response occurring again.o Schedules of partial reinforcement Fixed-interval: A schedule in which the reinforcement is delivered for the first response that occurs following a fixed interval of time.Fixed-ratio: A schedule in which the number of responses required for reinforcement is fixed and does not change. Variable-interval: A schedule in which the allotted time before a response will yield reinforcement varies from trial to trial. Variable-ratio: A schedule in which a certain number of responses are required for reinforcement, but the number of required responses typically


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