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UT CMS 334K - CMS 334K Exam #1 Study Guide

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NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION STUDY GUIDE EXAM #1Note: This is only a study guide—it is not a complete overview of the materialthat could be on the exam. Some of the answers may not be explicit in the readings but are conclusions or connections that you can make based on the material covered in the course. PERSPECTIVES AND DEFINITIONS1. Why is it difficult to provide an exact definition of nonverbal communication?Its difficult because it doesn’t fully explain the complexity of the definition. Nonverbal communication and verbal communication cannot be separate. 2. What are the 6 ways nonverbal behaviors are related to verbal language? What are examples of each?1. Repeating: same message portrayed verbally and non-verbally--Ex) pointing in direction and saying “that way”2. Substituting: using nonverbal to replace the verbal --Ex) “I want” then holding up two fingers for 2 3. Complementing: enhancing the message with non-verbals--Ex) its this big *shows size with hands*4. Accenting/ Moderating: Adding emphasis or toning down a message--Ex) slamming fists on table for emphasis --Ex) toning message down for bad news 5. Regulating: regulating our interaction, we take turns in conversation --Ex) comedians regulate their speech so the audience can laugh 6. Conflicting/ Incrongruent messages --Ex) verbal and nonverbal don’t match 3. Your text outlines 3 primary units of nonverbal behaviors—what are these 3? What specific channels or nonverbal features could be classified under each?1) Communication environment -Physical environment-perceptions of time and timing -proxemics (the study of the use and perception of social and personal space)-territory (personal space) 2) Physical Characteristics of Communicators -appearance or adornment-also artifacts (eye glassesm clothing, jewelry)3) Various behaviors of communicators -kinesics (eye behavior, facial expressions, etc.)-vocalics -touch4. What are the different functions of nonverbal behaviors? creating impressions/ making judgments o First date. What you might wear, vocal tones. First job interview.  Managing interactions o Showing when you are done talking to let other person have a turn. (also called regulation) Expressing Emotion o More powerful when communicated nonverbally; ex: using a shocked face instead of saying ”I’m surprised” Sending relational messages o Content side which is the verbal communication. We send relational messages about how we feel about that other person  Sending deceptive messageso Verbal or nonverbal conflict; ex: sarcasm  Influence others o Persuasion; influence on other person HISTORY OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION1. What was the importance of Darwin’s perspective for the study of nonverbal communication?Infants, animals and adults all express emotions in a similar way so there must be something inherent about emotional expression; innate universals in expression 2. What did Kretschmer and Sheldon link with personality?Physique and character studies- tried to make correlation between body size and character Sheldon is Kretschmer’s student and Sheldon took the study further by saying that your body type determines what system your body will focus on. --Ectomorph: slender; body focused on brain so pretty intelligent (awkward, tactful, serious, tense etc.)--Mesomorph: muscular and brave; focus on muscular system; more active and competitive (adventurous, competitive, bold, assertive, etc.)--Endomorph: bigger; body was focused on digestive system: humorous. (humored, tolerant, love of comfort, sociable, relaxed)3. What did Efron conclude regarding his study of gestures and culture?“Gestures and Environment” – Nature vs. Nurture--Culture plays a role in shaping our gestures and body movement ---looked at many generations of immigrants -he concluded that gestures must not be innate; gestures have some socialization.4. What was Birdwhistell’s contribution to the study of nonverbal communication?--introduced nonverbals as a language system -- He coined the term Kinesics (facial expressions, gestures, posture, gate etc.)--it has linguistics that could be applied to proving new labels for the study ofbody movement (kinesics)5. What was Hall’s focus of study? --focused on proxemics (the use of space) and time. --He called nonverbal the “silent language” --Coined the term proxemics --other/different norms across cultures; need to know social norms abroad because they differ 6. What did Rosenthal conclude based on his “Pygmalion in the Classroom” study?--“Pygmalion in Classroom”: Teachers gave more attention to the students who were said to do best on the intelligence test -Subconscioously teachers interacted more with the “smart” kids and those students did better over the years-we act towards people in a way that elicits the behavior that we expect. 7. What was Ekman & Friesen’s focus of study? What were their conclusions?“Origins, Uses and Coding Nonverbal Behavior” --Showed pictures of spontaneous emotions to people from different and similar countries. --Created the Facial Affect Coding System (FACS) 8. How did the emphasis in the study of nonverbal communication change inthe 1980s?Patterson (1983) “nonverbal behavior” a functional perspective- we use nonverbal to achieve goals-put people in different environments and see how they react. (showingaffection, lying to someone)-seeing how nonverbal and verbals interact with eachother We are strategic about our responses; brought a lot of goals and motivation to figure out why people do things.-we think about the environment and modify our nonverbals and express it accordingly to the environment 9. What were the new trends of research in the 1990s and beyond?Perception: it it showed the researcher perspective. They coded the behavior from an outside but its important to get the person themselves in that conversation perspective. It’s more personal. Biology: nature vs. nurture. Focusing on the type of quality it is. Technology : computer mediated technology; MRI that can sow brain activity;texting and email filter out nonverbal behaviors EVIDENCE OF THE NATURE OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR1. What can you conclude based on the evidence from sensory deprivation? What evidence helps you make this conclusion?Sensory Deprivation: kids that are blind/deaf vs. kids that are not -Differences regarding display rules -socialiation: nuture -speed of emotions displayed were different -deaf/blind: on/off switch. The


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