Copyright 2011 Fall 2011 PSYCHOLOGY 110 PROFESSOR MINOR SET #2 October 4, 2011 Simple Event Presentations: Habituation & Sensitization Dual Process Theory (Groves & Thompson, 1970) o Characteristics of the S-R system o Characteristics of the state system o Applications  Habituation  Dishabituation Groves & Thompson (1970): Dual Process Theory: o Wanted to study neuroscience o Started off by smacking you in the head to get you to blink… looking at habituation. o Wanted to look at the underlying neural systems that mediated habituation  Shocked the bottom of a rabbits foot and measure how high he lifts his foot (paw flexion reflex) Recording electrode sensory motor If neuroscience works then the activity of the interneuron should parallel that of the PFR. You get: - The activity of the interneuron does not parallel behavior - They didn’t give up on this yet… they decided that there must be two processes going on… state and the S-R reflex arc S-R Reflex arc: see above - Characteristics of the S-R reflex arc 1. Responsible for habituation 2. Activity is stimulus specific (3 neurons & specific stimulation) 3. Determines the form of response (foot shock = foot movement) 4. Activity in arc is directly related to magnitude of stimulus 5. Activity is bitonically related to rate (curve goes up and then comes down) 6. Activity spontaneously decays (goes away slowly) - Characteristics of State system (arousal… general, may things can arouse you and these things can sum) 1. Responsible for sensitization 2. Not stimulus specific 13. Determines the magnitude of response 4. Activation can accumulate over time 5. Activity spontaneously decays (spontaneous= we don’t know the process) Response To test this idea: - If the S-R reflex arc is responsible for dishabituation on the second trial the 2 shock @1 shock per 10 second group should be just a bit higher than the 10 shocks @ 1 shock per second at trial 2 because of spontaneous recovery that you get from having a different interval between trials … the reflex arc is only activated by specific stimuli so it will be close to where the 10 trial group was on trial 2. - If the state system was responsible for dishabituation then: dishabituation is caused by the arousal caused by the novel tone…. First trial they should be equal (same if S-R is responsible)… but because the arousal caused by the tone will spontaneously decay across the 10 seconds they will be equal at the end as well… it’s the seconds here not the number of trials that will be important.. o It’s not the shock that’s arousing you towards the end (because it doesn’t hurt anymore… analgesia) but the tone will arouse you PFR  You will later get spontaneous decay of the arousal caused by the tone o Novel things arouse you… but they don’t once they are not novel anymore - The data matched that expected of the state system…. So the state system wins. END OF LECTURE***************************** October 6, 2011 1. Affective Dynamics… a. Adventures of Mrs. Smith b. Dynamics Function c. Church, Lolordo, Overmier, Soloman, & Tucker (1966) - Early vs late training 2. Opponent-process theory (Solomon & Corbit, 1974, 1985) a. Characteristics of A process b. “” of B process c. Applications - Example of Affective Dynamics: Mrs. Smith: Thought she had breast cancer and was super anxious… then she found out it was not cancer so she was even happier than he was before she thought she had cancer. 2STATE- 1) Peak reaction - 2) Adaptation - 3) Steady state reaction - 4) After reaction - 5) Return to baseline - This can work for either positive or negative affect: - All emotions show the same pattern of behavior - Church, Lolordo, Overmier, Soloman, & Turner (1966) o (work was coming out about how bad cardiovascular disease is… and how type A and B personalities play into that) o They used dogs (precursor to learned helplessness)  Put dog in harness and lifted them off ground  Assigned to high or low shock group - 4mA or 8 mA shock - 60 shocks a day for 14 days (each shock is 5 sec long)  They didn’t get what they were looking for because dogs don’t get cardiovascular issues  They switched to pigs… they are a good model for human cardiovascular disease - The A reaction is directly related to the magnitude of the precipitating stimulus - The B reaction is also directly related to the mag. of the precipitating stimulus o Or you could argue that is it directly related to the magnitude of the primary (A) reaction…. o It could be either - The A response habituates… and the B response looks larger - Day 1: During: Dog shows terror After: dog shows wariness (opp. of terror) - Day 14: During: Dog shows anger (habituated terror)… After: joy, happiness, filial (opposite of anger) Habituation of cardiac (primary) response Sentization of opponent after reaction (top line is 4mA group lower is 8mA group) Solomon & Corbit, 1974, 1985: Opponent Process theory 3- The A process: o stimulus bound: comes on and off with the stimulus END OF LECTURE**************************** o activity is directly related to the mag of the precipitating stimulus o A excites B - The B process: o Slave process: activated only by A process o Difficult to recruit: it’s lazy… hard to “wake up” o Activity in B is bounded by activity in A process o Activity in B inhibits A o Activity in B spontaneously decreases over time Early in Training Late in Training (A and B are fighting)