Slide 116.1 The Nature of Waves16.1 The Nature of Waves16.1 The Nature of Waves16.1 The Nature of Waves16.2 Periodic Waves16.2 Periodic Waves16.2 Periodic Waves16.2 Periodic Waves16.2 Periodic Waves16.3 The Speed of a Wave on a String16.3 The Speed of a Wave on a String16.3 The Speed of a Wave on a String16.3 The Speed of a Wave on a String16.4 The Mathematical Description of a Wave16.5 The Nature of Sound Waves16.5 The Nature of Sound Waves16.5 The Nature of Sound Waves16.5 The Nature of Sound Waves16.5 The Nature of Sound Waves16.6 The Speed of Sound16.6 The Speed of Sound16.6 The Speed of Sound16.6 The Speed of Sound16.7 Sound Intensity16.7 Sound Intensity16.7 Sound Intensity16.7 Sound Intensity16.7 Sound Intensity16.7 Sound Intensity16.8 Decibels16.8 Decibels16.8 Decibels16.8 Decibels16.9 The Doppler Effect16.9 The Doppler Effect16.9 The Doppler Effect16.9 The Doppler Effect16.9 The Doppler Effect16.9 The Doppler Effect16.9 The Doppler Effect16.9 The Doppler Effect16.10 Applications of Sound in Medicine16.10 Applications of Sound in Medicine16.10 Applications of Sound in Medicine16.11 The Sensitivity of the Human EarCopyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Chapter 16Waves and SoundCopyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.16.1 The Nature of Waves1. A wave is a traveling disturbance.2. A wave carries energy from place to place.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.16.1 The Nature of WavesTransverse WaveCopyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.16.1 The Nature of WavesLongitudinal WaveCopyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.16.1 The Nature of WavesWater waves are partially transverse and partially longitudinal.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.16.2 Periodic WavesPeriodic waves consist of cycles or patterns that are produced over and over again by the source.In the figures, every segment of the slinky vibrates in simple harmonicmotion, provided the end of the slinky is moved in simple harmonicmotion.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.16.2 Periodic WavesIn the drawing, one cycle is shaded in color.The amplitude A is the maximum excursion of a particle of the medium fromthe particles undisturbed position.The wavelength is the horizontal length of one cycle of the wave.The period is the time required for one complete cycle. The frequency is related to the period and has units of Hz, or s-1.Tf1Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.16.2 Periodic WavesfTv Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.16.2 Periodic WavesExample 1 The Wavelengths of Radio WavesAM and FM radio waves are transverse waves consisting of electric andmagnetic field disturbances traveling at a speed of 3.00x108m/s. A stationbroadcasts AM radio waves whose frequency is 1230x103Hz and an FM radio wave whose frequency is 91.9x106Hz. Find the distance between adjacent crests in each wave.fTv fvCopyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.16.2 Periodic WavesAMm 244Hz101230sm1000.338fvFMm 26.3Hz1091.9sm1000.368fvCopyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.16.3 The Speed of a Wave on a StringThe speed at which the wave moves to the right depends on how quicklyone particle of the string is accelerated upward in response to the net pulling force.LmFv tensionlinear densityCopyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.16.3 The Speed of a Wave on a StringExample 2 Waves Traveling on Guitar StringsTransverse waves travel on each string of an electric guitar after thestring is plucked. The length of each string between its two fixed endsis 0.628 m, and the mass is 0.208 g for the highest pitched E string and3.32 g for the lowest pitched E string. Each string is under a tension of 226 N. Find the speeds of the waves on the two strings.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.16.3 The Speed of a Wave on a StringHigh E  sm826m 0.628kg100.208N 2263-LmFvLow E  sm207m 0.628kg103.32N 2263-LmFvCopyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.16.3 The Speed of a Wave on a StringConceptual Example 3 Wave Speed Versus Particle SpeedIs the speed of a transverse wave on a string the same as the speed at which a particle on the string moves?Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.16.4 The Mathematical Description of a WaveWhat is the displacement y at time t of a particle located at x?Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.16.5 The Nature of Sound WavesLONGITUDINAL SOUND WAVESCopyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.16.5 The Nature of Sound WavesThe distance between adjacent condensations is equal to the wavelength of the sound wave.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.16.5 The Nature of Sound WavesIndividual air molecules are not carried along with the wave.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.16.5 The Nature of Sound WavesTHE FREQUENCY OF A SOUND WAVEThe frequency is the number of cyclesper second.A sound with a single frequency is calleda pure tone.The brain interprets the frequency in termsof the subjective quality called pitch.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.16.5 The Nature of Sound WavesTHE PRESSURE AMPLITUDE OF A SOUND WAVELoudness is an attribute ofa sound that depends primarily on the pressure amplitudeof the wave.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.16.6 The Speed of SoundSound travels through gases, liquids, and solids at considerablydifferent speeds.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.16.6 The Speed of SoundIn a gas, it is only when molecules collide that the condensations andrarefactions of a sound wave can move from place to place.Ideal GasmkTvmkTvrms3KJ1038.123k57or 35Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.16.6 The Speed of SoundConceptual Example 5 Lightning, Thunder, and a Rule of ThumbThere is a rule of thumb for estimating how far away a thunderstorm is.After you see a flash of lighting, count off the seconds until the thunder is heard. Divide the number of seconds by five. The result gives theapproximate distance (in miles) to the thunderstorm. Why does