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Chapter 3 A Concept 3 1 a 4 main classes Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic acid 1 The formation of bonds with carbon a Electron configuration of carbon gives it covalent compatibility with many different elements b The number of unpaired electrons in the valence shell of an atom is generally equal to the atoms valence 2 Molecular diversity arising from variation a Carbon chains form the skeletons of most organic molecules 3 Isomers a There s 3 types of isomers Structural isomers sis trans isomers and enantiomers b Single bonds allow the atoms they joined to rotate freely about the bond axis well double bonds do not permit such rotation c Molecules have emergent properties that depend on the specific arrangement of their atoms d The concept of enantiomers is important in the pharmaceutical industry because 2 enantiomers of a drug may not be equally effective 4 The chemical groups most important to life a The distinct properties of organic molecule depend not only on the arrangement of its carbon skeleton but also on the various chemical groups attached to that skeleton b The most important chemical groups are Hydroxyl group Carboxyl group Carbonyl group Amino group Sulfhydryl group Phosphate group Methyl group c Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic molecules as the underlying framework for more complex organic molecules B Concept 3 2 a Carbohydrates proteins and nucleic acids are chainlike molecules called polymers b Some monomers have functions of their own 1 Synthesis and breakdown of polymers a Chemical mechanisms by which cells make and breakdown polymers are the same in all cases b Dehydration reactions can be used to assemble the monomers into new different polymers that can perform specific functions required by the cell 2 The diversity of polymers a Molecular structure and function can be grouped roughly by class b For each class the large molecules have emergent properties not found in their individual building blocks C Concept 3 3 a The simplest