UNIT TWOOn the Menu Today:What is a Paradigm?4 Basic Psychological ParadigmsSlide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Which paradigm is correct? The blind men and the elephantWhich paradigm is correct?Slide 11Systems Theory: DefinitionSystems Theory: CausalitySlide 14Slide 15Slide 16Systems Theory: Levels of AnalysisBiological PerspectiveUnderstanding Multiple FactorsVideoPowerPoint PresentationSlide 22Biological Paradigm: Genotype vs. PhenotypeGenotype vs. PhenotypeBiological Paradigm: Behavioral GeneticsSlide 26Misinterpretation of Behavior GeneticsSlide 28Slide 29Slide 30Twin Studies: A ReviewTwin Studies: Twins Raised Apart (MZ twins)Behavior Genetics: Adoption StudiesAdoption Study: Disorder XUNIT TWOCauses of Maladaptive BehaviorOn the Menu Today:Four psychological paradigmsSystems theoryBehavior geneticsWhat is a Paradigm?A set of shared assumptions about: the substance of a theory how scientists should collect data and test theoretical propositions.4 Basic Psychological ParadigmsPsychodynamicCognitive-BehavioralHumanisticBiological4 Basic Psychological ParadigmsPsychodynamic4 Basic Psychological ParadigmsCognitive-Behavioral4 Basic Psychological ParadigmsHumanistic4 Basic Psychological ParadigmsBiologicalWhich paradigm is correct?Which paradigm is correct?The blind men and the elephantThe blind men and the elephantWhich paradigm is correct?Two answers:1. Each individual paradigm is correct2. All (or some) of them integrated together are correct–This approach is a Systems theory or biopsychosocial approachBiologicalSocialPsychologicalOn the Menu Today:Four psychological paradigmsSystems theoryBehavior geneticsSystems Theory: DefinitionNo one paradigm offers the “right” approach: Systems theory integrates evidence from the biological, psychological and social domains. The centerpiece of systems theory is:Holism: whole=more than the sum of parts The opposite of holism is:Reductionism: whole = sum of its parts.Systems Theory: CausalityDiathesis-Stress ModelDiathesis: existing vulnerability that precedes stressorStress: any event that triggers the onset of disturbanceA diathesis may or may not be biological, and a stressor may or may not be environmental.Systems Theory: CausalityEquifinality: DIFFERENT causes for SAME disorder Death of parentLoss of jobTraumatic Brain InjuryDepressionDepressionDepressionSystems Theory: CausalityMultifinality: SAME causal factor but results in DIFFERENT disordersEarthquake PhobiaPTSDDepressionSystems Theory: CausalityReciprocal causality: causality is bidirectional. Parent’s behavior Child’s behaviorDepressed person Depressed person’s friendsSystems Theory: Levels of AnalysisSystems theory integrates evidence from biological, psychological and social domains of behavior (not additive)Different paradigms operate at different levels of analysis when explaining human behavior: e.g., neuron, individual, couple, family, community, culture.Biological Perspective“Biology CAUSES psychological factors” This is misleading…Biology can be influenced by psychology. Biological causes do not necessarily require biological treatment Today most psychologists view disorders as being caused by multiple factors.Understanding Multiple FactorsIn abnormal psychology, we rarely can establish causationInstead, we talk about:Risk FactorsSomething that has been shown to prospectively predict a psychopathological outcome Maintenance factorsSomething that predicts the continuation of symptoms over time among those who are symptomaticProtective FactorsSomething that reduces the effects of a risk factor19VideoWhile watching this video, identify any risk, maintenance, or protective factors that you think affected her substance use problem201) The interaction between various factors is more important 2) Intervening on one level can influence another. Multi-dimensional ModelOn the Menu Today:Four psychological paradigmsSystems theoryBehavior geneticsYou are responsible for knowing these BROAD concepts Neuron functionFour lobes of the brainBiological Paradigm: Genotype vs. PhenotypeGenotype Sum of an organism's genes (i.e., your genetic profile)Fixed at birthPhenotype Sum of an organism’s observable traits (e.g., weight)Influenced by genotype AND environmental experiences (GxE) feedback loopsBiology ≠GeneticsGenotype vs. PhenotypeBiological Paradigm: Behavioral GeneticsInvestigates the genetic vs. environmental factors in how we behaveBehavioral geneticists consider:What is the role of genetics in causing a particular mental disorder?What is the role of the environment?What is the role of interactions between genes and the environment (GxE)?Biological Paradigm: Behavioral GeneticsGenes not sufficient to account for development of any psychological disorder. Gene-environment interactions:Reciprocal gene-environment modelGenes might influence the environment that people seek out. Environmental factors may bring out a genetic predisposition. The two are not independent.Misinterpretation of Behavior GeneticsINCORRECT ASSUMPTIONSIf there is a genetic influence, a disorder is inevitableIf a behavior or characteristic is genetically influenced, it cannot be changedIf there is a genetic influence, a gene must be directly responsible for the behaviorThere are three different approaches to studying behavior genetics.Family incidence studies Twin studies Adoption studiesBiological Paradigm: Behavioral GeneticsFamily Incidence Studies: Do disorders run in families?Researchers identify theindex person in a family or a probandThen examine the proportion of family members that suffer from different disorders relative to this person (the proband)Genetic contributionShared environment contributionBiological Paradigm: Behavior GeneticsProband %family MDD %family Schz.MDD 30 0.5Schizophrenia 10 10No diagnosis 10 0.5Hypothetical Data SetBiological Paradigm: Behavior Genetics *Are members of my family at risk for having a disorder given that I have the disorder?*Need twin and adoption studies to disentangle the effects of genes and shared environment.Twin Studies: A Review Twin studiesConcordance = “agreement”Depressed Twin A = Depressed Twin BExample: in a study of 100 twins with depression, if 60% of their