Mid-term 1Intro / History / Science Define sport & exercise psychology- the scientific study of human behavior in sport and exercise and the practical application of that knowledgeThree roles of sport psychologists- Research, training, and consultingWhat are the two major types of questions in the field?1. How psychological factors affect an individual’s physical performance 2. How does participating in sport / exercise affect a person’s psychological development, health, and well-being?What does B=f(P,E) mean? - Behavior is a function of both the Person and Environment- Interactionist perspective; dynamic and constantly changingHistory – Who are the main historical figures? / What did they do? Example, who is Coleman Grifitth?Norman Triplett: studied social facilitation of bikers; tested whether bikers rode faster when in groups than aloneColeman Griffith: aka “Father of Modern Sports Psychology”; credited with first research lab and worked with Norte Dame Football and Chicago CubsDescribe and explain the 6 periods of sport psychology.1. Early years (1895-1920): Norman Triplett2. Griffith Era (1921-1938): Lab at University of Illinois3. Preparation for the Future (1939-1965): Franklin Henry establishes Grad Program4. Establishment of Academic Branch (1966-1977): 1st NASPSPA conference5. Multidisciplinary Research (1978-2000): New research and establishment of journals6. Contemporary (2000-Present)Identify and explain 3 ways of knowing - What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?1. Common Sense – intuition. speculationa. Strengths: easy, quickb. Weakness: Not based on experience so greatest chance of being wrong2. Practical Experience – observation, case studiesa. Strengths: Holistic, immediate, innovativeb. Weakness: Susceptible to bias3. Science – systematic and controlleda. Strengths: Reliable, “objective and unbiased”b. Weakness: Slow, sometimes not practicalWhat are the 4 steps involved in the scientific method?1. Develop the problem2. Formulate hypotheses3. Gather Data4. Analyze and Interpret ResultsBeyond LectureIdentify the IV and DV in the following statement:- Do 8-year-old gymnasts learn new vaults faster if they are exposed to mastery versus coping models?  IV: mastery vs. coping model DV: the speed at which they learnWhat is a theory?A system of ideas intended to explain somethingABCs of Sport and Exercise PsychologyWhat are the individual ABCs of sport & exercise psychology?A = affect (feeling states)B = behavior (actions)C = Cognition (thoughts)How do you define each of them and differentiate them from like constructs? (e.g., affect from emotion).Positive affect: optimal states of energy, concentration / Negative affect: sense of distress or unpleasant engagement; Ex. How does anxiety influence performance?Emotion – affect and behavior directed at particular stimulusMood – global expression of affect or emotionBehavior – effort, skill, aggression, sportsmanship, communicationEx. How does playing a frustrating opponent affect performance?Cognition – informational, motivational, concentrationEx. Tennis; thoughts about strategy usually improve performanceWhat were the primary take-home points from the Martinent et al. (2013 study)?Facilitators – thought that emotion (+ or -) is goodLimitations in the study is social desirability Takeaway: The right amount of affective states is different for everybodyBe able to infer the ABCs from a case study.PersonalityWhat is personality? Sum of characteristics that make a person unique Explain the difference between internal psychological core, typical responses, and role-related behavior in Hollander’s model of personality.- Psychological core is the most basic level of your personality; includes your attitudes and values; “the real you”- Typical Responses are how we usually respond to world around us- Role-Related Behavior is how your behavior changes as perceptions of your environment change; ex. Student at university and little league coachName the big 5 traits. - Openness to Experience- Conscientiousness- Extraversion- Agreeableness- NeuroticismWhat is the iceberg profile? The profile of a person with a psychological outlook characterized by more vigor and less tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion than is foundin others. This type of affect often is found in elite athletes and others with physically active lifestyles.Describe the trait approach to personality. Why are traits a poor predictor of behavior on their own?Trait theories imply that traits are consistent and generalizable. Poor predictor of behavior because it doesn’t explain what people doThere are two theories that suggest that the situation influences personality development. Name them, and explain the basic premise of each.1. Behaviorism- idea that people learn behaviors for specific situations via rewards and punishments2. Social learning theory- people learn behaviors for certain situations via observational learning / modelingWhat does the interactionist approach to personality suggest about how personality develops?Suggests that person factors and situation factors interact to determine behaviorismShould personality testing be used in athlete selection processes? Why or why not?No; not sufficient evidence of reliability and validity; doesn’t account for not psychological factors affect sport performanceAttribution Theory What is the definition of motivation? (2 key parts)The direction and intensity of effortWhat is are attributions? How do they relate to success/failure?Interpretations or explanations of success or failureWhat are the two key assumptions of attribution theory (Weiner, 1979, 1985)? Motivation is influenced by attributions There are some commonly cited reasons for success and failureWhat are the 3 characteristics of attributions? Be able to give an example of each type of attribution and/or infer one from a case study.1. Stability 2. Locus of Causality 3. Locus of ControlWhat do the stability, causality, and controllability of attributions mean in terms of psychological outcomes when the athlete wins/succeeds? Loses/fails?- Stability creates greater expectation of same outcome happening again- Internal causality creates greater pride for success or greater shame for failure- In one’s control creates greater motivationDescribe the self-serving bias and learned helplessness.Self-serving bias – making attributions that help you increase or maintain your self-esteem