Human Physiology 1Biomolecules – Working Molecules of Cells1. Identify the major and trace elements found in biological life on the periodic table and conceptualize Why these elements and not others are found in humans.2. Name the major molecules found in the cellular environment and explain the difference between inorganic vs. organic forms, Macronutrient vs. Micronutrient, Simple vs. Complex, and Monomeric vs. Polymeric3. Describe the Life-Requiring biomolecules by Family and family members, chemical attributes, relevant purpose or work performed, and the best nutritional source and healthy amounts. Learning AssignmentsSupport Reading in Chapter 2 Silverthorn (7thEd.) Human PhysChemical WorkWhy DoThis?GilchristEssential and Trace Elements in Humans99%1%Biological Elements are: Low Atomic Mass -- Highly Reactive -- Inorganic and Organic basedTraceMajorElement = Protons-Neutrons-Electrons#MassMass in gram = 1 mole1 mole = 6.02 X 1023atomsBond Strength and StabilityIonic bonds break and form spontaneouslyIons:Cation = + chargeAnion = - ChargeCovalent bonds are stablePolar = unequal sharing (hydrophilic = H2O Loving)Nonpolar = equal sharing (Hydrophobic = H2O Fearing)GiveReceivee-SharingMolecular Compounds: Two or More Elements BONDED TogetherStrong Bonds = High D EnergyPolar Nonpolar WeakStronge-CloudHuman Physiology 2Hydrogen - stable dipoleWeak Bonds - Important to stabilize structureGilchristBasic Chemical ReactionBond Strength and StabilityVan der Waals Forces"Proton -- Electron" Resonance +-Cell EnvironmentGilchristPO4-Ca++What is Shown Here?Identify any Concepts?PO4-PO4-PO4-PO4-PO4-Ca++Ca++Ca++Ca++300mOsm300mOsmECFICFglucoseglucoseglucoseglucoseglucoseglucoseglucoseglucoseGilchristCalories INCaloriesOUTAVOIDSolid Fat & Added Sugar Foods (SoFAS)A combination ofAll Biomolecules inDiffering AmountsFresh Whole FoodsProcessed Foodshttp://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/Human Physiology 3Micronutrient Biomolecule Families (Simple)Water: 65 - 100 oz. (2-3 L) per dayGases: Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide (300-400 ml / min)Nitrogenous Compound: UreaAcid: Carbonic, Lactic, Hydrochloric, Uric AcidsIonsAcid & BaseSalt + H2OElectrolytes Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, HPO3-, H3O+, NH4+, HCO3-0.5 - 4 gram per dayTransitionMetals Vitamins: mg - mg per dayZincFluorideMolybdenum ManganeseCoppermg - mg per dayKMineralsCarbohydrates: 8-9 oz. per day Lipids: 1-2 oz. per day Protein: 8-9 oz. per day Nucleotides / Nucleic AcidMacronutrient Biomolecule Family - Carbon4 individual Families(Complex)Gilchrist1. Carbohydrates - SugarsUnifying Chemical Composition (CnH2nOn)Hexose (6C), hydrophilic, Water Solublea. Simple Carbohydrates - Monosaccharide / Disaccharide Sucrose Maltose LactoseDisaccharidesCombinations of Glucose with self or the other MonosaccharidesHuman Physiology 4GilchristCarbohydrates cont.b. Complex Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides (Chains)Complex Carbohydrates - PolysaccharidesClinical ApplicationsGilchristCarbohydrates cont.Biological Uses of CarbohydratesPrimary - Energy Fuel (glycolysis)Glucose is major energy fuel in All Tissues4 Calories per gram (4 g = 1 teaspoon = ½ cube)Secondary - Functional groups of other BiomoleculesRibose and Deoxyribose (Pentose -5C) sugars -Nucleic AcidsGlycosylation – Process of adding sugar to other MoleculesGlycoproteins and GlycolipidsCarbohydrates cont.Amount40-60% of Total Calories (250g)Over 40% should be fiberLess than 25 g of added sugarWhole Grain – Excellent Cellulose, Polysaccharides & Disaccharide + VitaminsVegetable – Excellent Cellulose, Polysaccharides & Disaccharide + VitaminsFruit – Excellent Disaccharide, Good Cellulose, & VitaminsDairy – Ok Disaccharide, excellent Fat VitaminsHoney - All Monosaccharide, Nothing elseMeat – Low Carbohydrate, Good mineralsSourcesKwashiokore-MarasmusHuman Physiology 5GilchristLipids - Molecules that are all greasy & insoluble in H2OFatty Acids - Solids and Oils @ Room TemperatureBiological Types - Hydrocarbons (Nonpolar / Hydrophobic)Major Human Monounsaturated FatOmega Fatty Acids – Healthy DietMajor Human Saturated FatCH3(CH2)nCO2H CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)nCO2HCH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)nCO2HAcid16 C18 CGilchristPurpose: 50% of Plasma Membrane ChemistryTransport & Compartmentalization & SignalingFunctional MoleculePhospholipid1 Palmitic Acid+1 Oleic AcidStructural FormationsGilchristInsulation & Stored Energy FuelTriglyceride – Fat StorageStored in the Subcutaneous Fat Layer mostlyMale - 12-20% massFemale 18-25% massHuman Physiology 6Eicosanoid FatsLeukotrienesProstaglandins20 Carbon Polyunsaturated Fatty AcidImmuneHealthBloodClottingTissueRepairPainStimulusLocal HormonesDietaryOmega FatsUsed toMakeVital NutrientCholesterol and SteroidsConverted toHormone SignalsSuffix – "ol" or "one"BADGoodTotal Blood Cholesterol<200 mg/dLLDL ~ 100-129 mg/dL (3)HDL ~ 40-60 mg/dL (1)GilchristFat Soluble VitaminsToo Much or Too Little will produce DiseaseAre Cofactors -compound required in a chemical RxEyeLiverSmallIntestineBlood ClottingCannot be made by human cells.Most work effectively when all are present and proper minerals availableHuman Physiology 7Center for Disease ControlBehavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and Trust for America's HealthObesity diagnosed = 78.6 millionIn 1962 - 13% Adults were ObeseIn 2014 - 35% Adults are ObeseNo State under 20% Anymore41 States are 25% and HigherMidwest > Southeast > Northeast > WestMale 25% > MassFemale 30% . Masshttps://stateofobesity.org/adult-obesity/GilchristLipids cont. Amount: 10-30% of Total Nutrient; 20-75g / daySources:Fish - Excellent Fats (Omegas) and Protein, some glycogenSoybean - Excellent Protein, Carbohydrate, Vitamins + mineralsNuts - Excellent Protein, Carbohydrate, Good Fats, Vitamins + mineralsDairy - Excellent Fat Vitamins, low unsaturated FatLean Red Meats - Excellent Protein, Carbohydrate, Vitamins + mineralsAny Fried Food!!24gHuman Physiology 8GilchristNucleotides and Nucleic AcidAdenineGuanineThymineCytosineUracilBase TypesChemical CompositionFunctional UnitFor:Energy-ATP / GTPNucleic Acid basesLocal HormoneIntracellular message - cAMP1-3 groupsPentosePurinesPyrimidinesGilchristtRNArRNAmRNADNATranscribedCopyNucleotides make Nucleic Acids TranslatedByInformation StorageInformationUsageBiological UsesProtein FormationGilchristAmino Acids -- 20 Total– 9 essentialHydrophobicHydrophilicAcidic / AlkalineHuman Physiology 9GilchristProteins - Working units of cells“Most Diverse