Human Physiology 11. Define Physiology and Contrast it to the Science of Anatomy2. Explain the Topics we Study to Understand Physiology by:Ordering Biological topics as to their increasing complexityDefining each Topic's elemental subjects to be studied3. Name the human physiological systems, Recall the major organs within each system, and learn the primary purpose for each system4. Describe and know the concepts of Integration, Basal vs. maximal limits and the idea of Physiological Reserve5. Explain the Kinds of Questions Physiologists Ask and the Kinds of Answers sought6. Define and Explain the Major physiological Themes We Must Account for when Studying Any Physiological Work StudiedHomeostasis and Homeostatic Reflex typesMass Balance and Mass FlowOrgan and System IntegrationChemical Metabolism and EnergeticsControlHuman PhysiologyPhysiology as a ScienceChapter 1-- Silverthorn Ed. 7eLearning Assignments: What Should I Study Professor?Increase inComplexityFigure 1-1The Span of Physiology Topics We StudyTo KNOW Life Processes Requires Us to Examine thetotal Breadth of physiological topics within this organizationOrganization of living MatterStructure Dictates Function, Function Creates StructureAnatomy is to Required Form as Physiology is to Required WorkHuman PhysiologySlide 2THEREFORE, PHYSIOLOGY is ALL the WORK of:Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, & Organ SystemsTogether & REQUIRED for the Vitality of OrganismEmergentPropertiesHuman PhysiologyCytology is the study of Cellular Physiology and AnatomyThe Cell is the Fundamental Unit of Life -- Why?Chemical ProcessesJoined Cells of Common Function Originate from Preexisting cells Have DNA & Protein Molecules Growth Cycle & Replicate Compartmentalize Guided Work Sense & Exchange with Environment Adapt and Evolve in dynamic Environmental Pressures Works Against & Avoids EquilibriumMajor Properties of a CellHistologyBiochemistryWhat are the4 PrimaryTissues???What are the2 Primary Typesof Chemical Rxs??Human Physiology 2Human Organ Systems and FunctionsStructure - Function Concept - Think Nouns and VerbsLIFEREQUIREMENT12345678910Table 1.2 Physiologic rangebasalmaximumReserve???Primary vs. Secondary FunctionsIntegrated FunctionsSlide 4Human PhysiologyThe Approach to Investigating PhysiologyTeleological Question - "Why does MY <Blank> exist?”Represents a Significance - The “purpose”Physiology - Questioning the Works for LIFEPhysiological Questions Asked and Answer TypesMechanistic Question - ”Why does MY <Blank> exist?”Represents an Ordered Process over Time- the “steps”**SERIAL PROCESS - Steps**CONDITIONAL PROCESS - CircumstancesPhysiology Questions Life's:Facts, Concepts-Principles-Processes, Decisions / SolutionsQuestions to Ask & Answer with Any Physiology Topic: (ACTIVE LEARNING)What is IT? Where does IT occur? When is IT occurring? How does IT occur? Why is IT important? If "X", then How will or Did IT change? If IT occurs then, how is "X" affected?Slide 5Human PhysiologyThemes of PhysiologyHomeostasisStable Internal Environment through Dynamic AdaptationMonitored and Adjusted Variables:Nutrients, Fluid, Gases, Muscle Tension, Defenses, Temp., Stretch, Growth, pH, Waste, CognitionMonitoring DecisionsFigure 1-8Direct / IndirectThreshold ConceptVoluntary or InvoluntaryShort / Long TermIntense / MaintenanceClaude Bernard WalterCannonManipulatedVariableIndependentChangedVariableDependentSlide 6controlled stabilityof the internal milieuHuman PhysiologyHuman Physiology 3Response Loops in Homeostatic Reflexes1. Negative Feedback LoopOutput will Restore "Set Point" & cause reflex to Terminate 2. Positive Feedback Loop– ContinuationOutput is Reason for More Output3. Feed Forward LoopNo Input, Controller "Anticipates" Need for Output-+Slide 7Human PhysiologyHuman PhysiologyThemes of PhysiologyHomeostasisStable Internal Environment through DynamicAdaptation to External Environmental Pressure30oC15oC15oC15oC15oC15oCStart“Stimulus”8910?Keys to LearningDefine the Variables# Steps = Sequential ProcessIf Environment Changes, Then What Happens?Explain what happens after 7Try Some Questions About the Previous SlideHuman PhysiologyWhy does the Fish Tank Cool down?Why is this Reflex classified as a Negative Feedback Loop?Which Variable is Independent? Dependent?Which is the External Variable? Internal?What are the Variables Studied in the System?What is the Anatomy (i.e. Form) of the Studied System?If the Reflex Fails and Temperature continues to drop then, what will the fish do?What is the Physiology (i.e. Work) of the Studied System?Which Structure recognizes the Changing Internal Temperature?How does the System Recognize a Changing Internal Temperature?What is the Homeostatic Threshold of the System?If the Temperature should RISE will this Reflex be Activated and Restore Homeostasis?Human Physiology 4Mass Balance and Mass Flow - constant levels*Fluid *Blood *Temperature *Nutrient Mass Balance: A Balanced Load at all timesWhat would happen if:or Intake, Production, OutputHow much of "X" remains Or removedOver time?Mass Flow: [X] over TimeChange / min. = [X] X Flow RateHuman PhysiologyProcesses Necessary to ACHIEVE HomeostasisSystem Integration - multiple systems for a single purposeEmergent Properties - A property derived from the sum of many individual propertiesCommunication - control of cellular functionInformative Signals and Coordinated Control in Biological Languages Structure - Function Compartmentation - division of space will reduce randomnessMechanical & Physically & Electrical & Chemical TransformationsMolecule to Molecule interaction occurMetabolism - Chemical Rx Energy States and FormsResources - Storage and AllocationSubstrate Exchange for acquisition and excretionBiologically active ProductsHomeostasis and Mass Balance Only Possible When OtherPhysiological Themes are PresentHuman PhysiologySlide 11Consequence of NOT Maintaining Homeostasis is Disease!Figure 1-4More FailureDeviationOfNormalIndependentVariablesRestoredHomeostasisIsNormal PhysiologyAlteredHomeostasisIsPathophysiologyDependentOutcomesHuman