W.W. Norton & CompanyWestern Civilizations, 18eChapter 20The Age of Ideologies: Europe in theAftermath of Revolution, 1815-1848Chapter Study Outline1. Introduction1. After Waterloo—Europe without revolution?1. Klemens von Metternich2. Power of conservative monarchies3. Liberalism a threat to Europe’s dynastic rulers2. Citizens and new political ideologies, most notably Socialists3. Industrial change and social change4. Romanticism2. The Search for Order in Europe, 1815–18301. The Congress of Vienna and the Restoration1. Central cast2. Goals of the Congress3. The Concert of Europe2. Revolt against Restoration1. Secret organization: the Carbonari2. Naples and the Piedmont3. Metternich summoned Austrian, Prussian, and Russian representatives3. Revolution in Latin America1. The unsteady foundations of colonial rule2. Argentina declared independence in 18163. The liberation of Chile and Peru4. Simon de Bol’var (1783–1830)5. Political revolts unleashed conflict and civil war6. The United States7. Britain8. Brazil declared independence in 18234. Russia: the Decembrists1. Death of Tsar Alexander I (1825)2. The Decembrists3. Nicholas I (1796–1855, r. 1825–1855)4. Signs of change5. Southeastern Europe: Balkans (Greece and Serbia)1. Local movements in Greece and Serbia began to demand autonomy2. Greek war for independence (1821–1827)3. Serbia4. Results3. Citizenship and Sovereignty, 1830–18481. Open revolts in France, Belgium, and Poland, 1830–18322. 1830 Revolution in France1. Charles X (r.1824–1830)3. Belgium and Poland in 18301. Belgium granted independence and neutrality by other European powers2. Poland4. Reform in Great Britain1. Britain became one of the most liberal nations in Europe2. Demand for changes after the Peterloo Massacre3. Liberals in the Whig Party advocated change in Parliament4. Reform Bill of 18325. Parliament abolished slavery in the colonies in 18386. Corn Laws repealed in 1846 and free trade law passed5. British Radicalism and the Chartist Movement1. “People’s Charter,” reformers petition2. April 1848, Twenty-five thousand workers marched to Parliament with apetition signed by six million4. The Politics of Slavery After 18151. Slavery, Enlightenment, and Revolution1. Slavery contradicted natural law and natural freedom2. Virginian planters refused to be “slaves” to the British king, but continued toown slaves3. French revolutionaries denounced a king who would “enslave” them, yetslavery remained intact in French colonial islands in the Caribbean after theFrench Revolution2. The Slow Path to Abolition1. In England abolitionist leader William Wilberforce MP, presented a petition toParliament to ban the slave trade2. Atlantic slave trade banned in 18083. Adam Smith argued that free labor, like free trade, was more efficient4. Religious revivals in the U.S. and England energized the abolitionist movement5. Former slave trader Reverend John Newton wrote the hymn “Amazing Grace”to describe his conversion experience and salvation6. It became acceptable for women to participate in the abolitionist movement7. Antislavery petitions signed by millions in the 1820s and 1830s8. Slave rebellions in Haiti, Virginia, Louisiana, South Carolina, Barbados andJamaica9. 1838: Great Britain emancipated 800,000 slaves in its colonies10. 1848: French revolutionaries emancipated slaves in French colonies11. New nations in Latin America eliminated slavery5. Taking Sides: New Ideologies in Politics1. Issues raised by the French Revolution1. Development of ideology2. Changes brought by the Industrial Revolution3. Questions of equality and rights2. Principles of conservatism1. The concept of legitimacy as a general antirevolutionary policy2. The monarchy was a guarantee of political stability3. Change must be slow, incremental, and managed4. Edmund Burke (1729–1797)5. Joseph de Maistre (1753–1821) and Louis-Gabriel-Ambroise Bonald (1754–1840)6. The monarchy, aristocracy, and Church as mainstays of the social and politicalorder7. The revival of religion3. Liberalism1. The commitment to individual liberties and rights2. Most important function of government was to protect these rights3. Components4. The roots of liberalism5. Advocated direct representation in government (for property-owners)6. Economic liberalism7. Liberty and freedom4. Radicalism, republicanism, and early socialism1. Republicans2. Socialism3. Robert Owen (1771–1858)4. Charles Fourier (1772–1837)5. Flora Tristan (1803–1844)6. Louis Blanc (1811–1882)7. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (1809–1865)5. Karl Marx (1818–1883) and socialism1. Influenced by Hegel’s philosophy2. Studied philosophy but became a journalist3. Partnership with Friedrich Engels (1820–1895)4. In 1847, Marx and Engels joined the League of the Just (later renamed theCommunist League)5. The Communist Manifesto (1848)6. Citizenship and community: nationalism1. Nation, from the Latin nasci (to be born)2. The French Revolution defined “nation” to mean the people, or the sovereignpeople3. Celebrating a new political community, not a territory or ethnicity4. Nationalism in the early nineteenth century5. Nationalism and the liberals6. National identity developed and changed historically7. Nationalism and the state6. Cultural Revolt: Romanticism1. General observations1. A diverse intellectual and cultural movement2. A reaction against the Classicism of the eighteenth century3. Instead of reason and discipline, Romanticism embraced emotion, freedom, andimagination4. The individual, individuality, and the subjective experience5. Intuition, emotion, and feelings as the guides to truth2. British Romantic poetry1. William Wordsworth (1770–1850) and Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772–1834)2. William Blake (1757–1827)3. George Gordon, Lord Byron (1788–1824)4. Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822)3. Women writers, gender, and Romanticism1. Mary Godwin Shelley (1797–1851)2. George Sand (1804–1876)3. Madame de Staël (1766–1817)4. Romantic painting1. Britain2. France3. New ways of visualizing the world4. Pointed to early-twentieth-century modernism5. Romantic politics: liberty, history, and nation1. Victor Hugo (1802–1885)2. François de Chateaubriand (1768–1848)3. The Romantic uniqueness of cultures4. Brothers Grimm5. Friedrich Schiller (1759–1805) and Wilhelm Tell (1804)6. Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832)7. Adam Mickiewicz (1798–1855), Pan Tadeusz (1834)6. Orientalism1. Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt