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DREXEL PSY 310 - Chapter 14- Hallucinogens

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Animism and ReligionTerminologyClassificationTwo Groups of PhantasticaIndole Hallucinogens (Phantastica)LSDDiscoveryEarly ResearchRecreational UsePharmacologyPsychological and Behavioral EffectsTime CourseAdverse ReactionsPsilocybinAcute and Long-Term EffectsOther Indole HallucinogensCatechol Hallucinogens (Phantastica)MescalineCultural UsePharmacologyAmphetamine DerivativesHistoryDeliriantsPCPRecreational UseOther PCP-Like DrugsAnticholinergic HallucinogensPhysiological effectsBehavioral effectsNaturally occuring anticholinergicsOther DeliriantsChapter 14: Hallucinogens Animism and Religion- Animism Objects attain certain characteristics because of spirits If a plant contains a spirit, then eating the plant transfers this spirit to the person who consumes it- Psychoactive plants that alter perceptions May have been important in the development of spiritual and religious traditions and folklore in many societiesTerminology- Phantastica Drugs that create a world of fantasy Psychedelic “Mind-viewing”  Implies a beneficial, visionary type of effect Psychotomimetic  “Mimicking psychosis”  Produces hallucinations and altered reality, a state similar to psychosis- Entheogen Substances that create spiritual or religious experiences Entactogen Substances that enhance feelings of empathy Hallucinogens A drug that produces profound alterations in perception, including unusual visual sensations and often changes in the perception of one’s own bodyClassificationHallucinogens can be classified by:- Chemical structure- Known pharmacological properties- How much loss of awareness they cause- How dangerous they are- Two major groups  Phantastica o Alter perceptions while allowing the user to remain in communication with the present world Deliriants o Produce more mental confusion, greater clouding of consciousness, and a loss of touch with realityTwo Groups of Phantastica- Indole hallucinogens Drugs that have the same basic indole structure of the neurotransmitter serotonin Examples: LSD, psilocybin- Catechol hallucinogens Drugs that have the same basic catechol structure of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine Examples: mescaline, MDMA (Ecstasy)Indole Hallucinogens (Phantastica)LSDDiscovery- 1938: Synthesized by Dr. Albert Hofmann of Sandoz Laboratories in Switzerland - 1943:  Dr. Hofmann took a large dose and described its hallucinogenic effects Dose was 5–8 times the normal effective dose- Potency of the drug attracted attention Comparable effects from mescaline would require 4,000 times the doseEarly Research- 1950s–1970s: a tremendous amount of LSD research Attempting to develop a model of psychosis Widely used as an adjunct to psychotherapy- 1970s: Funding institutes stopped supporting human research Most research since 1975 has been conducted with animals in an effort to understand the mechanism at the neural level- Secret Army/CIA Research Poorly done and violated many ethical codes U.S. required to pay reparations to research subjectsRecreational Use- Timothy Leary Conducted research on LSD and psilocybin at Harvard Research was scientifically unsound and unethical Started a religion (League of Spiritual Discovery) with LSD as a sacrament- Recreational use peaked in late 1960s- Use declined due to anecdotal reports of problems associated with: “bad trips” prolonged psychotic reactions worries about possible chromosome damage self-injurious behavior “flashbacks”Pharmacology- One of the most potent psychoactive drugs No known human overdose deaths LD50 is about 400 times the behaviorally effective dose- LSD is usually taken orally Absorbed rapidly through the gastrointestinal tract- Mechanism of action Best evidence indicates that LSD acts by stimulating serotonin-2A receptors- Metabolism Metabolized by the liver Half-life is about three hours- Tolerance develops rapidly Within three to four days of daily doses Recovery from tolerance is also rapid Cross-tolerance occurs among LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin- Physical dependence to LSD or other hallucinogens has not been demonstrated Psychological and Behavioral Effects- Modification of perception Visual images: Users see shapes and patterns, usually with intense colors and brightness Users report an altered sense of time, changes in the perception of their own bodies, and alterations of auditory input Synesthesia (“mixing of senses”)o Example: sounds may appear as visual images- Enhanced emotionality Images may be perceived as beautiful and awe-inspiring or as intensely sad or frightening Time Course- Typically last six to nine hours- First 20 min: Autonomic responses occur- Next 30–40 min: Alterations in mood, perception, and sensation begin- Within 1 hour: Full intoxication occurs Loss of self-awareness and loss of control of behavior may occur Adverse Reactions- Impossible to determine true incidence of adverse reactions  For example, some bad reactions may be due to drug impurities- Flashbacks DSM-IV-TR: Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder Recurrence of symptoms weeks or months after an individual has taken LSD Relative rare in occurrence- Panic reactions Relatively more common in occurrencePsilocybin- Several varieties of “magic mushrooms” Psilocybe mexicana is the most well-known- Psilocybin is primary active ingredient 1958: Albert Hofmann isolated psilocybin Dried mushrooms are 0.2–0.5 percent psilocybinAcute and Long-Term Effects- Over the past decade, research has increased Recent studies have investigated the drug’s effects on feelings of spirituality- Acute effects Psilocybin dose-dependently induces intense changes in mood, perception, and thought Most individuals describe the effects as pleasurable At high doses, can cause anxiety- Chronic effects Relatively little is known One study indicated no long-term impairmentOther Indole Hallucinogens- Morning Glories- Hawaiian Baby Woodroses- Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)- AyahuascaCatechol Hallucinogens (Phantastica)Mescaline- Peyote A small, spineless, carrot-shaped cactus- Mescaline is primary active ingredient Synthesized in 1918 More than 30 psychoactive compounds have been identified in peyoteCultural Use- Native American Church uses peyote as a sacrament Church is an amalgamation of Christianity and traditional


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