Topics Covered for Each DrugEstimated Economic Cost to Society Due to Substance Abuse and AddictionAddiction Involves Multiple FactorsWhy Do People Abuse Drugs?DopamineCircuits Involved in Drug Abuse and AddictionTreating a Biobehavioral Disorder Must Go Beyond Just Fixing the ChemistryOverview for Units 4 to 7: Module 2 - Alcohol Ch 9- Opiates Ch 10- Stimulants Ch 11- Nicotine and Caffeine Ch 12- Marijuana Ch 13- Hallucinogens Ch 14In the beginning of the semester, we mentioned that our course will be broken up into three sections (what I also refer to as modules) to get across the material more easily; during the past three weeks we covered the first module looking at basic pharmacological principles; now that we have reviewed the basic pharmacological principles in the first module to understand various drugs we will turn to specific drugs of abuse over the next four weeks in our second module; we will conclude our course with the third module by looking at specific drugs that are used in the treatment of mental disorders; now I would like to talk with you—give you an overview—for the specific drugs of abuse that we will cover in our second module Topics Covered for Each Drug- History of Use- Origin- Pharmacokinetics- Pharmacodynamics- Dependence and Tolerance - Prevention/TreatmentAs you can see from this slide, for each of the drugs we will cover its history of use and recent trends,its source and origin, its pharmaokinetics—how the drug is handled by the body, its pharmacodyncamics—how the drug impacts on the body, mostly in terms of neurotransmitter action, the nature of physical and psychological dependence for each drug as well as its chronic long term effects—the role of tolerance and sensitization for some drugs and finally the most promising models of prevention and treatment. Estimated Economic Cost to Society Due to Substance Abuse and Addictionhttp://www.drugabuse.gov/pubs/teaching/Teaching6/Teaching.htmlDrug abuse costs the United States economy hundreds of billions of dollars in increased health care costs, crime, and lost productivity. The total costs of drug abuse and addiction due to use of tobacco, alcohol and illegal drugs are estimated at $524 billion a year. Illicit drug use alone accounts for $181 billion in health care, productivity loss, crime, incarceration and drug enforcement.What is Addiction? Addiction is a Brain DiseaseCharacterized by:- Compulsive behavior- Continued abuse of drugs despite negative consequences- Persistent changes in the brain’s structure and functionDecades of research have revealed addiction to be a disease that alters the brain. We now know that while the initial decision to use drugs is voluntary, drug addiction is a disease of the brain that compels a person to become singularly obsessed with obtaining and abusing drugs despite their many adverse health and life consequences. We no longer believe that addiction comes about because of a moral failing or because of personality problemsAddiction Involves Multiple FactorsResearch has also taught us that addiction is a complex disease, influenced by a multitude of highly entangled factors. No single factor determines whether someone will or will not become addicted to drugs.Why Do People Abuse Drugs?Drugs of abused engage motivation and pleasure pathways of the brainWhy do drugs make people feel good or feel better—because of what they do to their brain. Drugs exert their effects largely on the motivation and pleasure pathways of the brain. Research has shown that people generally take drugs to either feel good (i.e., sensation seekers or anyone wanting to experiment with feeling high or different) or to feel better (i.e., self-medicators or individuals who take drugs in an attempt to cope with difficult problems or situations, including stress, trauma, and symptoms of mental disorders). DopamineDopamine is a brain chemical involved in manydifferent functions including movement,motivation, reward — and addiction. Nearly alldrugs of abuse directly or indirectly increasedopamine in the pleasure and motivation pathwaysand in so doing, alter the normal communicationbetween neurons.Circuits Involved in Drug Abuse and AddictionResearch has identified a number of braincircuits that are affected by drug abuse andaddiction. The areas depicted contain thecircuits that underlie feelings of reward,learning and memory, motivation and drive,and inhibitory control. Each of these brainareas and the behaviors they control must beconsidered when developing strategies to treatdrug addiction. Key:PFC – prefrontal cortex;ACG – anterior cingulate gyrus;OFC – orbitofrontal cortex;SCC – subcallosal cortex;NAc – nucleus accumbens;VP – ventral pallidum;Hipp – hippocampus;Amyg – amygdala. Treating a Biobehavioral Disorder Must Go Beyond Just Fixing the ChemistryAddiction requires treatment that addresses its complexity. Substance abuse treatment should address the whole person and can include medications, behavioral therapies, and ancillary support