Fermentation ProductsBeerTypes of BeerWineVarieties of WineDistilled ProductsDistilled SpiritsWhiskeyEarly U.S. Views on Alcohol UseTemperance MovementProhibitionRegulation and TaxationAlcohol Consumption PatternsU.S. Alcohol ConsumptionWhat is One Drink?PharmacologySex DifferencesMechanism of ActionBehavioral EffectsBAC and Behavioral EffectsDriving Under the InfluencePhysiological EffectsAcute Physiological ToxicityWhat is a Hangover?Chronic Toxicity in Heavy UsersFetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)Withdrawal SyndromeDependent BehaviorsChapter 9: Alcohol Fermentation Products- Fermentation Production of alcohol from sugars through the action of yeasts Forms the basis of all alcoholic beverages - Raw materials Fruit contains sugar and will ferment with the addition of yeast Cereal grains require malt to convert starch into sugar- Yeast has a limited tolerance for alcohol When the concentration reaches 12-15% the yeast dies and fermentation ceases Beer- Production process: Made by adding barley malt to other cereal grains Hops are added with yeast to give beer its distinctive flavor - Most beer sold in the United States is mass-produced by the two largest brewers Imported beers and microbreweries are growing in popularityTypes of BeerType ProcessAle - Uses a top-fermentation yeast- Warm temperature and shorter fermentationLager-Most common type in U.S.- Uses a type of yeast that settles to the bottom of the mash to ferment- Cool temperature and slower fermentationLight beer - Fermented longer at a cooler temperature - More sugar is converted to alcohol- Then water addedWine- Production: Made from fermented grapes Produced by both small and large wineries- Most wines contain about 12% alcohol- Factors in quality include Selection and cultivation of grapevines Good weather Timing of harvest Careful monitoring of fermentation and agingVarieties of Wine- Generics vs. varietals Determined by type of grapes and flavor- Red vs. white- Sweet vs. dry- Sparkling wines- Fortified wines Alcohol content near 20 percent Distilled Products- Distillation Evaporation and condensing of alcohol vapors to produce beverages with higher alcohol content Process perhaps discovered in Arabia around AD 800 Introduced into Europe in about the 10th century- Proof A measure of a beverage’s alcohol content Twice the percentage of alcohol by weight 90-proof whiskey is 45 percent alcoholDistilled Spirits- Grain neutral spirits Clear, tasteless, nearly pure alcohol (190 proof) produced by distillation Sold as Everclear to consumers and used in research Used to make various beverageso Gin: distillate filtered through juniper berries and then diluted with water o Vodka: mixture of grain neutral spirits and water - Contains relatively few congeners Other alcohols and oils contained in alcoholic beveragesWhiskey- Distillate of fermented grain- Distilled at a lower proof (160) and so contains more congeners and some flavor from the grain- Usually aged for at least two years- Types of whiskey include: Rye whiskey Corn whiskey (bourbon) Blended whiskeyEarly U.S. Views on Alcohol Use- Before American Revolution Most people drank more alcohol compared with water Drunkenness was viewed as misuse of positive product- After American Revolution Alcohol itself viewed as the cause of serious problems Alcohol was first psychoactive substance to become demonized in American culture Temperance Movement- Benjamin Rush Wrote pamphlet o “An Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits on the Mind and Body” Heavy drinking = health problems Alcohol use damages morality Alcohol addiction = a disease - Temperance societies Initially promoted abstinence from distilled spirits only Later promoted total abstinence Became fashionable to “take the pledge”Prohibition- States began passing prohibition laws in 1851 By 1917, 64% of Americans lived in “dry” territory Laws reflected issues of class, ethnicity, religion, immigration- Federal prohibition  18th Amendment (1919): banned the sale of alcohol People still drank illegally in speakeasies and private clubs and legally through purchase of patent medicines Enforcement was challenging and expensive- Outcomes of Prohibition included: Organized crime became more organized and profitable Alcohol dependence and alcohol-related deaths declined- Repealed by the 21st Amendment (1933) Reasons for the repeal:o Alcohol taxes had been a major source of revenueo Concerns that widespread disrespect for Prohibition laws encouraged a general sense of lawlessness  Outcomes of repeal included:o Alcohol per capita sales and consumption increasedo Returned to pre-Prohibition levels after World War II Regulation and Taxation- Regulation after 1933 Some states remained dry initiallyo but most allowed beer sales Mississippi was the last dry stateo allowed alcohol purchase and consumption in 1966 In 1970s, drinking ages were lowered to 18–19 in 30 stateso but raised again to 21 following safety concerns- Taxation Federal and state taxes and licensing fees = about half the price of an alcoholic beverage When taxes go up, consumption goes downo but not dramatically Alcohol Consumption Patterns- Consumption patterns are influenced by cultural factors- Trends in U.S. alcohol consumption Similar to other drugs, alcohol use peaked in 1981 and then declined American consumption per person per year:o Beer (27 gallons or over 1 gallon of alcohol)o Spirits (0.75 gallon of alcohol)o Wine (0.33 gallon of alcohol)- Regional differences in the U.S. One third of U.S. population abstain Half the alcohol is consumed by 10% of the drinkers- Stress index: Drinking rates higher in states where people experience a great deal of social stress and tension - Drinking norms: Drinking rates higher in states where people tend to approve of the use of alcohol to relieve stressU.S. Alcohol Consumption - Gender differences Males more likely to drink than females Males more likely to drink more - Drinking among college students  College students drink more than their nonstudent peers Many campuses have banned sale and advertising of alcohol Many fraternities have banned keg parties Despite this, alcohol use has not changed significantly In fact, there has been a slight increase in binge drinking and driving after drinkingWhat is One