Chapter 11-1 Drug Categories1-21-3 Pharmacokinetic Factors that Determine Bioavailability of Drugs1-4 Two principal types of receptors1-51-6Chapter 22-1 Principal Parts of Neurons2-2 Summation of Local Potentials2-3 Divisions of the Central Nervous System2-4 Ventral View of the Human BrainChapter 33-1 Comparison of Synaptic Versus Endocrine Communication3-2 Processes Involved in Neurotransmission at Typical Synapse Using Classical Neurotransmitter3-3 Summary of the Mechanisms by which Drugs can Alter Synaptic Transmission3-4Chapter 44-14-2 The drug self-administration method4-34-4 Positron Emission TomographyChapter 88-1 Data on Illicit Drug Use8-2 The Continuum of Drug Use8-3 Disease Models of AddictionIntroduction to PSY310: Drugs and Human Behavior - Psychopharmacology: study of psychoactive drugs, as related to mind, brain, behavior, and society Major subdiscipline of the fastest growing science today – neuroscience: study of the brain and nervous system- Learned more about the brain the past 10 years than we have in all of time All psychoactive drugs work through actions on the brain, psychopharmacology has taken advantage of this- Witnessing advances in the study of psychopharmacology – to treat addictions and mental disorders and to alleviate the suffering of so many people Advances in drug addiction as a brain disease Advances in treatment of mental disorders- Help relate the latest info on psychoactive drugs to their effect on society and human behavior- Students will have a deeper understanding of the individual problems and the social conflicts that arise when people misuse abuse psychoactive drugs - Also will give you a greater appreciation of the newer developments to treat mental disorders more effectively- Intent to become more informed about the factors that may underlie drug use and introduce you to the controversies surrounding drugs and societyOverview for Units 1 to 3: Module I All content of our course- 3 main modules – each represents a major content area1. Foundations, background, and general principles of psychopharmacology Foundations: 3 weekly units, each deal with specific chapters in the text2. Specific drugs of abuse – 4 weekly units3. Psychotherapeutic drugs – 3 weekly unitsChapter 11-1 Drug Categories- Unit 1: What happens after a drug is taken?- Major classes of drugs that will be explored in different units of modules 2 and 3- Opening chapter addresses basic principles of pharmacology and explores the area of pharmacokinetics: how the drug moves into, through, and out of the body after it is taken through different roots1-2- Different ways that drugs are taken/advantages and disadvantages The way a drug is taken not only influences the way it is handled by the body but also influences how it works and therefore how effective it will be1-3 Pharmacokinetic Factors that Determine Bioavailability of Drugs- This idea (from 1-1) is shown much more clearly here Once a drug is in the stomach, if taken orally, how and why does it gain access to the bloodstream? Once in bloodstream, how is it distributed through the body? Evenly or not? How is distribution reflected in the actions of the drug? How does the body eventually get rid of the drug?1-4 Two principal types of receptors- Chapter 1 also explores the area of pharmacodynamics Examines the interaction between drugs and receptors, to which the drug will attach It also looks at how the attachment will result in changes of the function of the cell and in result changes in behaviors Drugs are described structurally and functionally and how the drugs alter the receptor structure and function is discussed The way such actions underlie the therapeutic effects and side effects are illustrated- Difference between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: Pharmacokinetics: what the body does to drugs Pharmacodynamics: what drugs do to the body- Drug tolerance: state of progressively decreasing responsiveness to a drug Larger dose of drug is required to achieve the effect that was originally obtained by a smaller dose- Three mechanisms of chronic drug action:1. drug disposition or metabolism (pharmacological mechanism)2. Pharmacodynamic tolerance (pharmacological mechanism)3. Behavioral tolerance1-5- Some of the most important characteristics of tolerance1-6- Type of tolerance that is shown by the different drugs we will study this semester- Few exposures to some drugs (amphetamine or cocaine) can produce increased responsiveness rather than the typical diminished effects of tolerance – this increased responsiveness with using a drug repeatedly can possibly last for weeks, months, or longer- Sensitization increases in strength after the last dose These sensitized changes can be due to neurochemical changes in the brain Compulsive use of cocaine is related to the increased responsiveness as well as to the craving of cocaine over time Chapter 22-1 Principal Parts of Neurons- Structure of an individual nerve cell2-2 Summation of Local Potentials- Electrical and chemical processes involved in the transmission of neurons- Besides the structure of the neuron and its electrochemical processes, we need to know about how these individual nerve cells form the complex circuit that represent the anatomical basis for behavior2-3 Divisions of the Central Nervous System2-4 Ventral View of the Human Brain - Major structures that are important in the brain- Chapter 2 will review structure of the nerve cells, electrochemical properties of neurons, and anatomy of the nervous system- Try to apply this knowledge in understanding the brain as the substrate by which action of psychoactive drugs can be understoodChapter 33-1 Comparison of Synaptic Versus Endocrine Communication - Helps to see about 2 types of chemical signals in the brain that are important for homeostasis Neurotransmitters Hormones- Psychoactive drugs work either by:  changing neurotransmitters, changing the availability, how much is present, at the synapse (point of connection between 2 neurons) work directly by interacting with the receptor for the neurotransmitter3-2 Processes Involved in Neurotransmission at Typical Synapse Using Classical Neurotransmitter 3-3 Summary of the Mechanisms by which Drugs can Alter Synaptic Transmission- 3-2 and 3-3 show how neurotransmitters are important in the action of drugs- 3-3 see different aspects of neurotransmitter function at the synapse that