Biol152 Final Exam Spring 2016 Houlihan There is one best answer for each question. ✔, 1) Regarding temperature regulation in mammals, which set of responses would you expect if T Body < Tset i. Sweating ii. shivering iii. increased burning of brown fat iv. vasoconstriction of capillaries near the surface of the skin v. vasodilation of capillaries near the surface of the skin. vi. increased breathing rate a) i, ii, iii b) ii, iii, iv c) i, v, vi d) ii, v, vi e) all of the above ✔,2) In the human ear, why do different hair cells respond to different frequencies of sound? a) Waves of pressure move through the fluid in the cochlea. b) Hair cells are “sandwiched” between membranes. c) Receptors in the stereocilia of each hair cell are different; each receptor protein responds to a certain range of frequencies. d) The basilar membrane varies in stiffness; it resonates in certain places in response to different frequencies. ✔,3) Evolutionary theory predicts that species are related, not independent. Four of the following examples provide support for this prediction, but one is irrelevant. Which of examples listed below does NOT support the claim that species are related? a) Many dinosaurs and other organisms went extinct following a huge asteroid impact at the end of the Cretaceous. b) The endostyle of lancelets (invertebrate chordates) and the thyroid gland of vertebrates develop similarly, and both produce iodinated proteins. c) All prokaryotes and eukaryotes use DNA to carry their genetic information. d) Ground squirrel species found on the North and South sides of the Grand Canyon are very similar to each other. e) Before synthetic insulin was available, diabetics used injections of purified pig insulin to manage their disease.✔,4) What is an adaptation? a) a trait that improves the fitness of its bearer, compared with individuals without the trait b) a trait that changes in response to environmental influences within the individual’s lifetime c) an ancestral trait—one that was modified to form the trait observed today d) a trait that is reduced in size or complexity but increases the fitness of its bearer ✔,5) Given the steps below, which of the following is the correct sequence for transmission at a chemical synapse? 1. Neurotransmitter binds with receptors in the postsynaptic membrane. 2. Calcium ions rush into the neuron’s cytoplasm. 3. Action potential depolarizes the synaptic terminal membrane. 4. Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. a) 3, 2, 4, 1 b) 1, 2, 3, 4 c) 3, 2, 1, 4 d) 4, 3, 1, 2 e) 3, 1, 2, 4 6) Which of the following correctly describes the point B on the graph above? a) Overshoot: The sodium voltage gated channels are open. b) Repolarization: Both the sodium and potassium voltage gated channels are open. c) Depolarization: The sodium voltage-gated channels are open and potassium voltage gated channels are closed. d) Depolarization: The sodium voltage-gated channels are closed and potassium voltage gated channels are open. e) Repolarization: The sodium voltage-gated channels are closed and potassium voltage gated channels are open. ✔,7) Temporal summation of postsynaptic action potentials occur when: a) an EPSP and an IPSP both occur on the same area of the postsynaptic cell membrane. b) Schwann cells are damaged by Multiple sclerosis. c) when two or more IPSP’s occur with a long time lag at the same synapse. d) when two or more EPSP’s occur in quick succession at the same synapse. e) the action of a neurotransmitter is blocked by a poison.✔,8) Island archipelagos, mountaintops in a mountain range, and a complex of desert oasis tend to have many species unique to a particular habitat island. Many Caribbean islands have their own species of anoles. This pattern is due to what process? (Answer the question using the most specific process) a) sympatric speciation b) temporal reproductive isolation c) adaptive radiation d) post-zygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms ✔,9) Which of the following is NOT an example of parental investment? a) the production of gametes. b) guarding a nest against predators. c) production of milk in a mammary gland. d) performance of a courtship ritual. e) digging a hole in which to lay eggs ✔,10) Which of the following is NOT required for natural selection to occur. a) phenotypic variation within populations. b) heritable traits. c) differential reproduction. d) sexual recombination (sexual reproduction). ✔,11) Darwin observed that the reproductive rates of many organisms are very high, but population sizes tend to be relatively stable. From this observation he concluded that a) many more organisms are born than survive to reproductive age. b) some individuals in a population reproduce but others do not. c) population size must be limited by available resources. d) organisms must compete to survive and reproduce. e) all of the above. ✔,12) In a polarized neuron at rest: a) the inside of the neuron is more negatively charged than the outside b) outside of the neuron is more negatively charged than the inside c) either of the above can be true d) the inside and the outside of the neuron have the same electrical charge✔,13) A behavior can NOT be naturally selected if: a) it is partly learned. b) it has a heritable component. c) all individuals in a population exhibit it. d) it has an effect on the reproductive success of individuals that exhibit it. ✔,14) Some beetles and flies (insects) have antler-like structures on their heads, much like male deer (chordates) do. The existence of antlers in beetle, fly, and deer species with strong male-male competition is an example of: a) structural homology b) developmental homology c) genetic homology d) analogy/convergent evolution ✔,15) Most of the energy that is captured by and stored in the biomass of primary producers: a) is converted to biomass of primary consumers. b) is eventually used by secondary consumers. c) is lost from ecosystems during its passage to higher trophic levels. d) is subsequently recycled many times by ecosystems. e) is used to power the carbon cycle. ✔,16) In the carbon cycle, which of the following processes is NOT one by which carbon moves from the living to the non-living component of the ecosystem? a) respiration by consumers b) respiration by