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UMass Amherst PSYCH 383 - Study Guide for Exam 2

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Psych 383 Study Guide for Exam #1Person-Centered Therapy:Understand the main tenets of Rogerian Person-Centered Therapy – personality theory; conceptualization of health & pathology; theory of psychotherapy & key therapeutic contents & processes:Personality theory – individuals have creative powers to shape their own phenomenological worldConceptualization of health & pathology – health self-concept = congruence between perceived (experiences) self and ideal (valued) selfPsychopathology – failure to be in process, discrepancy between experienced & ideal self, powerful need for self-regard over actualization (need to feel loved by others more than see self), live according to conditions of worth (conditional love = if I act a certain way, then I will be loved (e.g., “I should do this…” = rigid shoulds; “I am a failure for not sticking to rigid shoulds” – when not get love wanted from actions) established by others, doesn’t have to be said, perceived through their actions (e.g., parents only give attention for good grades, keep getting perfect grades = trying to be perfect to try to get attention))Theory of psychotherapy – assumption that patients can be trusted to make their own therapeutic decisions, individual has capacity to understand what is causing pain & the tendency to reorganize himself in direction of self-actualization to promote greater internal comfort, therapist does little but little done to create growth climateKnow the primary elements of the person-centered therapeutic relationship:Therapist neither an instrument of love nor an educator; therapist conditions are hypothesized to help the patient to – examine problems in a manner that shifts responsibility from others to self, experience emotions in the moment & accept uniqueness of self, accept aspects of self formerly denied to awareness, raise level of self-regard without having to cater to external conditions of worthKnow the main research findings for person-centered therapies:Rogers a “parent” of psychotherapy research (especially process research); therapist conditions neither necessary nor sufficient, but helpful; more effective than no treatment; slightly less effective than CBT for some conditions; most effective in increasing self-esteemKnow the primary critiques & limitations of person-centered approaches:Really a “fuzzy” form of extinction; actually a transference relationship with conditions of worth; actually technique centered treatment; too much faith in patient knowing best?; overemphasis on verbal report?Understand the main tenets of Motivational Interviewing (covered in the P&N text & extra slides on Moodle):Person-centered, yet directive approach; 4 main principles = express empathy, develop discrepancy, roll with resistance, support self-efficacy; efficacious for addictions, anxiety, depression, PTSD, eating disorders, etc.; particularly effective with ethnic minority patients & resistive patients; implemented as = stand alone treatment, prelude, fully integratedFamiliarize yourself with key terms in chapter 5 of P&N:Actualization: all humanity has but one basic motivational force, a tendency towards actualizationActualizing tendency: the inherent tendency of the organism to develop all its capacities in ways which serve to maintain or enhance the organismAllegiance effect: tendency of the investigators to favor their own preferred treatment in conducting studiesAutonomy: inner controlClient markers: represent and expressed or inferred readiness for specific change tasksClient-centered therapy: Rogerian therapyConditions of worth: cannot regard themselves positively as worthy unless they live according to these conditions either consciously or subconsciously put in place by important other peopleCounterresistance: therapists who respond to client resistance with confrontation or arguments are responding with thisDissemination & implementation: dissemination refers to spreading the evidence-based treatment to professionals and the public; implementation refers to practitioners using the treatment and thereby altering their clinical behaviorEmpathy: sense the client’s private world as if it were our own, without our own anger, fear, or confusion getting bound up in the experienceExistential living: people let the self and the personality emerge from experienceFully functioning person: demonstrate organismic trustingGenuineness: means that therapists are freely and deeply themselves, with the actual experiences of the therapists being accurately represented in their awareness of themselvesHeteronomy: control by others and the environmentIncongruence: difference between what is being experienced and what is symbolized as part of a person’s self-conceptMotivational discrepancy: provides motivation that triggers behavior changeMotivational interviewing (MI): person-centered, directive approach that enhances intrinsic motivation tochange by helping clients explore and resolve ambivalenceNecessary & sufficient conditions: contained within the therapeutic relationship, six conditions – relationship, vulnerability, genuineness, unconditional positive regard, accurate empathy, perception of genuinenessNondirective therapy: clients come to treatment in distress, they can be expected to express personal experiences that are troubling themOrganismic valuing: allows us to positively value those experiences perceived as maintaining or enhancing our lives and to value negatively those experiences that would negate our growthPerson-centered approach:Process research: concerns the interactions between client and therapistProject MATCH: one of the largest psychotherapy outcome studies in history; four sessions of an early form of MI was compared to 12 sessions of CB coping skill training and to 12 sessions of 12-step facilitation therapyReflection (of feelings): therapist acts as a mirror or a reflection of the client’s feelingsRoll with resistance: using the energy in the current/the client to steer the interactionSelf-authority:Self-concept: includes our perceptions of what is characteristic of “I” or “me,” our perceptions of our relationships to others and to the world, and the values attached to these perceptionsSelf-regard: individuals learn to regard themselves in much the same way as they experience regard from other people, liking or disliking themselves as a total configuration for a particular behaviorSubception: the ability of the organism to


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UMass Amherst PSYCH 383 - Study Guide for Exam 2

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