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UMass Amherst ANTHRO 150 - Final Exam Study Guide

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Definitions: (include dates, location, culture, and relevance to themes of class)Adena: time period/culture; time period 1000 BCE – 100 CE; moundbuilders that built small, local boundsAhau/ajaw: political rulership title from Maya civilization “Lord,” “King,” “Ruler” (Classic Period)Algonquian: ancient culture of Northeast New England; famers; seasonal sites (moved around all year); gathered in big numbers in spring b/c of fishing (brought people together), people dispersed again in summer, fall/winter disperse for hunting; buildings were set apart, each had own cornfield – show had no warfare BEFORE Europeans came; wigwams (wetu) – built same as longhouse, but smaller, used same wigwam over & over travelled with them;would marry outside community (everyone had extensive networks outside community); Sachem – community leader, spokesperson, chosen from selected families, privileges balanced w/ responsibilities; egalitarians with great social fluidity; tribe east of the BerkshiresAztec: ethnic group of Central Mexico; Tenochtitlan; rose to power through military and materialistic defeat of the Toltecs. In Valley of Mexico (1150 AD - 1519). They stopped because of the Spanish Conquest. (Southwest of Gulf of MexicoBall court/ball game: linked in Maya culture to the hero twins (death & its overcoming); monumental architecture by both the Mayas and AztecsBloodletting: ritualized self-cutting; may have cut themselves with jade or stingray spines; ritual bloodletting usually done by elites, religious figures; important in Maya culture; Piercing of Tongue, catch blood on bark, and setbark on fire. In the Mayan culture. Everyone did it, but the nobles did it publicly and more dramatically. (Nobles used sting ray spines instead of bone) Cacao pods: chocolate without sugar; prestige goodCahokia: site of Cahokia (now St. Louis) site of biggest mound site in North America; estimated population was 30,000; probably collapsed before Europeans got to Mississippi; Largest North American settlement found in St. Louis Missouri. Has one of the largest pyramids in the world (width wise not height). Doesn't have a standing army, no system of writing. There were elite burials (evidence of elite status of children too). It was a pre-state: one of these cultures just on the edge of becoming huge; (Mississippian Culture) Cenote: limestone wears away, creates underground lake; only forms in Yucatan; known as way to the Underworld (hero twins used one)Chinampas: type of Mesoamerican agriculture; uses small, rectangular areas of fertile arable land to grow crops on the shallow lake beds in the Valley of MexicoCity-state: a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent stateCivilization: the stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced; large, sedentary communities; agricultural intensification; diversification of labor; “symbiotic” economy; centralized government; social stratificationCodex/codices: Little scrolls written by Mayans and Aztecs (5 Mayan Codex and 500 Aztec Codices). These scrolls showed interest in recording tribute given, military victories, and myths. Collapse: when a society can no longer sustain itself (ex – not enough food); can’t protect themselves; people move out; NOT everyone dying or everything destroyed; going from centralization to decentralization; - Environmental (i.e. drought, salt accumulating, climatic) - Population / social pressures (people's choices) - Loss of legitimacy (when Mayan trade broke down and did not have objects to show their elite status) - Weak central government Conquest: the subjugation and assumption of control of a place or people through use of military force (conquest of Aztecs by Spanish)Copan: archaeological site of the Maya (Honduras); capital city of the Maya during the Classic PeriodEffigy mounds: moundbuilders built these; mounds that looked like animals on the ground (serpents, eagles)Environmental degradation: deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water, and soil; any change or disturbance to the environment that is perceived to be deleterious or undesirable; destruction of ecosystems and extinction of wildlifeFormative: Formative (2000 BCE – 200 CE) aka Pre-Classic period; Pre-Classic  Classic marks the first Maya “collapse”Classic: Classic (200 CE – 1000 CE); Classic  Post-Classic marks the second Maya “collapse”; giant temples built, writing system & calendar system developed; most of the power existed w/ the people (elite had power over religion (rituals)); peasants better fed, had control over trade routes; elites had prestige goods and religious power (probably given leftovers/donations); NO pack animals (everything traded via trader w/ backpacks; everything trades in small quantities); prestige good: obsidian, greenstone (jade), quetzal feathers, cacaoPost-Classic: Post-Classic (1000 CE – 1697 CE); 1697 marks the conquest of the last independent Maya city-state (Tayasal)Greenstone: jade; prestige goodHeritage: property/title/etc. that is or may be inherited Hieroglyphics (Mesoamerica): combination of logographic and syllabic values; writing developed independently; superficially similar to Egyptian hieroglyphs; important dates in rulers lives matched up with the calendar. Hopewell: time period/culture; time period of 200 BCE – 400 CE; really, really widespread; moundbuilders that built bigger mounds, more ceremonial, more people buried in the mounds; mounds shaped in animal effigies; particular type of pottery; conch shells important – conch shells evidence of long-distance tradeHuman sacrifice: practice characteristic of Pre-Columbian Aztecs & Maya; sacrifice was a common theme in in Mesoamerican cultures; very important religious practiceIroquois: ancient culture of Northeast New England; farmers; defined by language; maize farmers, hunter-gatherers (only had domesticated dogs); “3 sisters” – maize, beans, squash; food storage pits (underground, grass-lined); semi-permanent settlements – would stay for ~20 years then move; would build palisades around village for defense (suggests warfare); dwellings (longhouse) clustered close together; complex egalitarian society; war-chiefs & peace-chiefs (inherited/achieved, usually came from same family); warfare increased after 1300 CE, environmental stress? increasing importance of maize? Formation of large political alliance (to decrease war);


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UMass Amherst ANTHRO 150 - Final Exam Study Guide

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