DOC PREVIEW
UMass Amherst PSYCH 100 - exam 4 cheat sheet

This preview shows page 1 out of 2 pages.

Save
View full document
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 2 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 2 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience

Unformatted text preview:

Psychodynamic approaches to personality: approaches that assume that personality is primarily unconscious and motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awarenessPsychoanalytic theory: Freud’s theory that unconscious forces act as determinants of personalityUnconscious: a part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not awareID: the raw, unorganized, inborn part of the personality whole sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses; pleasure principleEgo: the part of the personality that provides a buffer between the id and the outside world; reality principleSuperego: the personality structure that harshly judges the morality of our behavior; conscience, ego ideal Psychosexual stages: developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urgesFixations: conflicts or concerns that persists beyond the developmental period in which they first occurOral stage: according to Freud, a stage from birth to age 12 to 18 months in which an infant’s center of pleasure is the mouthAnal stage: stage from age 12 months to 18 months to 3 years of age, in which a child’s center of pleasure is the anusPhallic stage: stage beginning around 3 years old that a child’s pleasure focuses on the genitalsOedipal conflict: a child’s intense sexual interest in his or her opposite sex parentIdentification: the process of wanting to be like another person as much as possible, imitating that person’s behavior and adopting similar beliefs and valuesLatency period: according to Freud, the period between the phallic stage and puberty during which children’s sexual concerns are temporarily put asideGenital stage: period from puberty until death, marked by mature sexual behavior (that is, sexual intercourse)Defense mechanisms: in Freudian theory, unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by distorting reality and concealing the source of the anxiety from themselvesRepression: the primary defense mechanism in which the ego pushes unacceptable or unpleasant impulses out of awareness and back into the unconsciousRegression: people behave as if they were at an earlier stage of developmentDisplacement: the expression of an unwanted feeling or thought is redirected from a more threatening powerful person to a weaker oneRationalization: people provide self-justifying explanations in place of the actual, but threatening, reason for their behaviorDenial: people refuse to accept or acknowledge an anxiety-producing piece of informationProjection: people attribute unwanted impulses and feelings to someone elseSublimation: people divert unwanted impulses into socially approved thoughts, feelings, or behaviorsReaction formation: unconscious impulses are expressed as their opposite in consciousnessNeo-Freudian psychoanalysts: psychoanalysts who were trained in traditional Freudian theory but who later rejected some of its major pointsCollective unconscious: according to Jung, inherited set of ideas, feelings, images and symbols that are shared with all humans because of our common ancestral pastArchetypes: according to Jung, universal symbolic representations of particular types of people, objects, ideas or experiencesTraits: consistent personality characteristics and behaviors displayed in different situationsTrait theory: a model of personality that seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personalitySocial cognitive approaches to personality: theories that emphasize the influence of a person’s cognitions – thoughts, feelings, expectations, and values – as well as observation of others’ behavior, in determining personalitySelf-efficacy: the belief that we have the personal capabilities to master a situation and produce positive outcomesSelf-esteem: the component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative self-evaluationsBiological and evolutionary approaches to personality: theories that suggest that important components of personality are inheritedTemperament: a person’s behavioral style and characteristic way of responding that emerges early in lifeHumanistic approaches to personality: theories that emphasize people’s innate goodness and desire to achieve higher levels of functioningSelf-actualization: a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential, each in a unique wayUnconditional positive regard: an attitude of acceptance and respect on the part of the observer, no matter what a person says or doesPsychological tests: standard measures devised to assess behavior objectively; used by psychologists to help people make decisions about their lives and understand more about themselvesSelf-report measures: a method of gathering data about people by asking them questions about their own behavior and traitsMMPI-2-RF: a widely used self-report test that identifies people with psychological difficulties and is employed to predict some everyday behaviorsTest standardization: a technique used to validate questions in personality tests by studying the responses of people with known diagnosesProjective personality test: a test in which a person is shown an ambiguous, vague stimulus and asked to describe it or tell a story about itRorschach test: a test that involves showing a series of symmetrical visual stimuli to people who then are asked what the figures represents to themTAT: a test consisting of a series of pictures about which a person is asked to write a storyBehavioral assessment: direct measures of an individual’s behavior used to describe personality characteristicsAbnormal behavior: behavior that causes people to experience distress and prevents them from functioning in their daily livesMedical perspective: the perspective that suggests that when an individual displays symptoms of abnormal behavior, the root cause will be found in a physical examination of the individual, which may reveal a hormonal imbalance, a chemical, deficiency, or a brain injuryPsychoanalytic perspective: the perspective that suggests that abnormal behavior stems from childhood conflicts over opposing wishes regarding sex and aggressionBehavioral perspective: the perspective that looks at the rewards and punishments in the environment that determine abnormal


View Full Document

UMass Amherst PSYCH 100 - exam 4 cheat sheet

Download exam 4 cheat sheet
Our administrator received your request to download this document. We will send you the file to your email shortly.
Loading Unlocking...
Login

Join to view exam 4 cheat sheet and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view exam 4 cheat sheet 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?