Wish laura would stop singingQuiz 7 Select which of the following cause(s) result in feline diabetes.Quiz 6:When does weaning begin in kittens? -4 weeks Why does a whelping box need ledges 3 - 6 inches above the floor?-To prevent a mother from crushing her puppiesWhat is one of the first observable signs of a chilled puppy?-Location away from littermates At what age should gruel be introduced to puppies?-3 weeksWhy should you feed a gestating bitch small meals more frequently during the last few weeks of pregnancy?-Reduced space for stomach and intestinesThe body temperature of a pregnant bitch about to give birth will increase from about 99 degrees C to about 102 degrees C.-FalseHow quickly should puppies double their birth weight?-By 2 weeksIt is recommended to feed an orphaned kitten cow's milk.-FalseWhich female's energy requirement gradually increases from the beginning of gestation to the end?-Queen_______________ is the process by which an animal develops species-specific social behavior and primary social relationships.-SocializationWhich life stage requires the most energy input?-LactationDuring which sub stage of primary socialization to puppies learn species specific behaviors (e.g., body language)?-Canine socializationWhen is the neonatal period in puppies and kittens?-0-14 daysCompared to an adult of the same size a 10 month old puppy would need how much food?-1.5xWhat is the optimum period for puppy - humans socialization?-6 - 8 weeksWhat is the recommended feeding schedule for a highly active dog?-1/4 before, 1/4 during, 1/2 afterWhat is the role of humans during the neonatal period if a mother is able to provide for her young?-Intervene as little as possibleWhat is the only life stage during which feeding ad libitum is suggested?-LactationWhat is the primary sense used by kittens for maternal identification and nursing?-SmellDuring what period do social behaviors (e.g., play fighting) begin to develop?-TransitionNeonates are unable to regulate their own internal body temperature during the first few weeks of life.-TrueAn obese dog should be fed ______ times a day than a health weight dog.-MoreWhich dog breed group is at high risk for skeletal development disorders if fed food rich in calcium and energy?-Large breedLesson 7:LECTURE:- Nutrient: A nutritive substance or ingredient; a food or chemical that an organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in a organism’s metabolism which must be taken from its environment-Essential Nutrient: Required nutrient that must be consumed in the diet-Non- essential Nutrient: Not necessary to consume can be adequately synthesized from other molecules Requirements:-Minimal: minimal amount to support a physiological state -used for experiments, but not anymore (can go from disease to death)-Adequate: Presumed amount necessary to sustain a life stage -No scientific evidence-Recommended Allowance: Amount in a diet to support a physiological state -has a safety margin-Safe Upper Limit: Maximum amount NOT causing adverse effectsà All these differ with species, age, activity level, life stage , and other health issues*Determining Requirements:-National Research Council (NRC) & Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO)Required Nutrients: Water, Carbs, Fats, Proteins, Vitamins & Minerals, Energy*Water-Most Important Nutrient, Supply Must be clean and Abundant. dogs cannot survive with Water within a matter of days or hours*Carbs- No requirement for cats and dogs BUT it is a cheap source of energy & supports gastro-intestinal tract health (GIT)-Fiber: GIT motility, Energy for intestinal cells (fermentation products), Management of GIT microbiota [corn bran, wheat bran, cellulose, soy & peanut hulls]-Starch: quick energy [corn, rich, wheat, potato, peas, sorghum]___Extrusion__ is the process by which starch is cooked making it readily digestible by dogs and cats.--> cooked at high pressure and cut out into pieces*Fats-Function: high energy density, “carry” fat soluble vitamins [ A D E K], provides fatty acids, Aids in palatability-Saturated Fats- no double bond between carbon atoms 9 saturated with hydrogen)-Unsaturated Fats- Carbons have double bonds (unsaturated with hydrogen) & Omega Fatty acids-Omega 6: pro-inflammatory-Omega 3: anti- inflammatory-Essential Fatty Acids: Linoleic acid (Omega-6), a-linoleic (omega 3), [Arachidonic acid: Cats lack the enzyme to synthesize this from linoleic acid and must consume it; can only be found in animal tissue (making cats obligate carnivores)*Proteins:-Structure: small sub-units called amino acids-Function: tissue synthesis, enzymes, nuerotransmitters, immune system, hormones, cellular transport-Cats are obligate Carnivores= higher protein requirement than dogs-Cats are sensitive to arginine deficiency: Amino acid, easily obtained from animal tissue, Lack of this = death-Cats need taurine: fond only in animal tissue, dog food has insufficient quantity (grain based) [don’t feed cats dog food]*Vitamins and Minerals:-Water Soluble: Vitamin C & B complex, Metabolism, Cannot be stored, excreted in urine-Fat Soluble: Vitamin A, D, E, and K, Numerous functions, Can be stored, but can be toxic-Preformed- Vitamin A: Required by cats, found in animal fats, liver -MACRO: CA, P, MG, S, K , CL, Na -MICRO: Cu, Co, Mn, Fe,An, Se, I, Mo*Energy: 1 kcal = 1000cal = 1 Cal; fats, protein, carbs Diets –*Dry Food: < 10% Moisture content, Inexpensive, Low Chance of contamination / easy, cleaning effect on teeth*Wet Food: Up to 75% moisture content, Expensive, Long shelf Life / spoils quickly once open, High palatability*Semi- Moist Food: 20-30% moisture content*Other: Raw Diet, home Cooked*Treats / Table Scraps: Give sparingly – not balanced nutrition, basically junk food for pets, need to know toxic foods*Free Choice: Food is constantly available, no restrictions*Controlled Time: Unlimited food, but only available for a set time*Controlled Ration: Specific amount of food per day, ideal method Body Condition Score-Scale goes from 1 (too thin) to 9 (too heavy). 4-5 for Dogs, 5 for cats Where to put food:AVOID: noise, activity, litter box, and other pets Nutritional Disorders:*Diarrhea: increase in frequency, volume and/or looseness of stool -low fiber, and be fixed with pre-biotics, and low quality diet*Bloat: AKA twisted stomach, gastric torsion, and Gastric dilation, and volvulus -caused by air and fluid accumulation in the stomach = swellingà overfeeding & eating too