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UMass Amherst KIN 460 - 10-Visual attention_v3

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Overview① What different types of eye movements exist?② What is the role of visual attention in expert performers?③ What is visual neglect?Selective visual attention• Eye movements provide information about what features in the environment the person is attending to• Eye movements mean shift in attentionMeasuring eye movementsEarly studies: Yarbus, 19673Remember the positions of the people and objects in the roomRemember the clothes worn by the peopleRecordings made by Alfred Yarbusof the eye movements of a subject viewing a picture (“They did not expect him”byI.P.Repin) with different questions in mindHow long the unextectedvisitor had been awayRecording eye movements with eye trackersRecording eye movements during Trails B TestApplications• Reading and multimedia learning • Driving• Sports• https://tobii.23video.com/the-use-of-eye-tracking-technology-in-1Tobii eye trackerTobii eye trackerLand 19985• Consumer’s behaviour/MarketingDifferent types of eye movements to bring objects of interest on the foveaSaccadic SystemPursuit SystemFixation SystemRapidly shifts gaze from one location in visual field to anotherShifts gaze so that images of a moving object remain on foveasMaintains direction of gaze so that images remain on foveasTypical saccadic eye movement (3-4 /s) with duration of 75 msSaccadic system•Small amplitude (60º) eye-head saccade to unexpected target.• Eyes move first to foveate then head in sequence.• Gaze direction: sum eye position in socket and head position in space. •Eye counter rotation: Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR).Saccadic systemSmooth pursuit movement of left eye with head stationary. For each frame the target is on the eye’s visual axis and therefore on fovea.These are voluntary movements in response to moving stimuli, cannot be elicited without movement.Pursuit systemFixation system• Gaze is held stable (3° visual angle) on an object or location for 100 ms or longer• Considered the minimum amount of time needed to recognize and become aware of stimuliTakes about 200 ms to catch up (through saccade) when target starts to move.Fixation, Saccadic and Pursuit system working togetherOverview① What different types of eye movements exist?② How do expert performers use visual attention?③ What is visual neglect?Visual search strategies in elite and nonelite athletesVisual-search paradigm - Basic setupVickers,2007Experts can make better prediction were a ball will land based on focus on relevant cues from the body (badminton; cricket; basketball).Visual search strategies in elite and nonelite athletes• Main findings:– Experts are more efficient and use more appropriate visual-search behaviour– Experts are faster in detecting and recognizing objects– Experts have an enhanced ability to pickup visual cues from an opponent’s postural orientation• Visual search paradigm limitations :– Real-world physical skills are rarely performed– No relationship between gaze and performance outcome– Limitation in natural head motion and postureVickers,2007Vision-in-action paradigmVision-in-action paradigm• Physical performance very similar to actual sport/activity• Measurable behaviour (goals saved, race time, etc)• May be repeated until a certain number of successful and unsuccessful trials are accomplishedVickers, 1996The Quiet EyeQuiet eye: Final fixation or tracking gaze located on a specific target or location: 3 degrees visual angle and for at least 100 ms. Measure of optimal perceptual-motor performance. Quiet eye is both earlier and longer in elite athletes and is trainablehttps://youtu.be/mPZCCpmRObwOverview① What different types of eye movements exist?② What is the role of visual attention in expert performers?③ What is visual neglect?Lesions of parietal association cortex: deficits of attention‘Contralateral Neglect Syndrome’Inability to perceive stimuli on one side of the body or environmentRange from temporary loss of attention to permanent denial of one side of the body and visual field/space– neglect of the left side is more commonInability to process and perceive stimuli is not due to a lack of sensationVisuospatial tasks performed by individuals with contralateral neglect syndromeNeuroanatomy of neglect syndromes (Part 1)Attention: parietal cortexComposite of the location of underlying lesions in the right hemisphere from 8 patients.Neuroanatomy of neglect syndromes (Part 2)Normal brain imaging during attentional taskOverview① What different types of eye movements exist?② What is the role of visual attention in expert performers?③ What is visual neglect?AnnoucementsExam 2: section 3 Changed from November 09 to November 14Lab report #2November 16 (hard copy in class)Lab exercise #9Changed from November 16 to November


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UMass Amherst KIN 460 - 10-Visual attention_v3

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