Indented TOL for BioEE 1780, Fall 2017 Includes selected example taxa and [synapomorphies or traits]; dagger symbol (†) indicates an extinct taxon Viruses (Megavirales) are here because we have no idea where they link to the Tree of Life LIFE [hereditary nucleic acids, triplet amino acid code, ATP for energy, plasma membrane] Bacteria (spirochetes, chlamydias, Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria – E. coli [peptidoglycan in cell wall] (Unnamed taxon) [DNA with histones, introns] Archaeans Eukaryans [cells with mitochondria, nucleus] Alveolates (dinoflagellates, ciliates, Plasmodium) Stramenopiles (brown algae, diatoms) Excavates (Euglenids, Giardia, Trypanosoma) Plants (see plant classification below) Amoebozoans (slime molds) Opisthokonts [single posterior flagellum] Fungi [chitin in cell wall, absorptive heterotrophy] Microsporidia [reduced mitochondria, polar tube] “chytrids” [flagellated gametes] (Amphibian killer fungus) (unnamed taxon) Glomeromycota (arbuscular mycorrhizae) Dikarya [dikaryon stage (2 nuclei), septate hyphae] Ascomycota [spores in an ascus] (Brewer’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (lichens here b/c the fungus is Ascomycota) Basidiomycota [spores in a basidium] (unnamed taxon “Animals + 1”) [cadherins] Choanoflagellates [collar of sticky tentacles] Animalia (see animal classification below) [DNA, having 7 or more HOX genes, Extracellular matrix – collagen] Plants [1o chloroplasts] Glaucophytes (unnamed taxon) [no peptidoglycan in chloroplast wall] Red algae (unnamed taxon) [chlorophyll b, starch] Chlorophytes Embryophytes (“Land Plants”) [cuticle, retention of embryo] Liverworts (unnamed taxon) [stomata]Mosses Vascular plants [tracheid vascular system] Lycophytes [Microphylls] (unnamed taxon) [Megaphylls] (unnamed taxon) Horsetails Ferns Seed plants [seeds] Gymnosperms (Gingko, conifers) Angiosperms [flowers, fruit, double fertilization] Animalia Sponges [mineral spicules] Eumetazoans [tissues: nerves, muscle] Ctenophores [8 combs] (unnamed taxon) Cnidarians (anemones and corals, jellyfish, hydras) [cnidocytes] Bilaterians [triploblastic tissues, bilateral symmetry] Protostomes [blastopore develops into mouth] Lophotrochozoans [trochophore larva] Flatworms (flatworms, flukes, tapeworms) Mollusks (bivalves, gastropods, cephalopods) Annelids (earthworms, leeches) Ecdysozoans [shed exoskeleton] Nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans) Arthropods †Trilobites Chelicerates Myriapods Pancrustaceans Crustacea Insecta, (Drosophila melanogaster) Deuterostomes [blastopore develops into anus] Echinoderms (Starfishes, Brittle Stars, Crinoids, Sea Urchins, Sea Cucumbers) [water vascular system with tube feet, pentaradial as adults] Chordates [notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, post-anal tail] Cephalochordates (Lancelets, amphioxus) [notochord extends to tip of body](unnamed taxon) [DNA] Urochordates (Tunicates) [tunic of cellulose] Vertebrates [cranium, vertebrae] Cyclostomes Lampreys [specialized mouth] Hagfishes Gnathostomes [Jaws develop from anterior pharyngeal gill arches, paired lateral fins] Chondrichthyans (sharks) [prismatic calcification of cartilage, pelvic fins of males bear claspers] Bony vertebrates [bones] Ray-finned fishes [can spread and collapse fin webs, swim bladder] Lobe-finned fishes [lobe fins] Coelacanths [distinctive tufted caudal fin] Lungfishes [breath air and water] Tetrapods (see tetrapod classification below) [four legs, five or more digits] Tetrapods Amphibians Amniotes [amniotic egg] Reptiles Lepidosaurs (lizards, snakes) (unnamed taxon) Turtles [skeleton expanded into shell] Archosaurs [hole in skull in front of orbit and hole in mandible Crocodilians [secondary bony palate] †Pterosaurs [elongated finger to support wing] Dinosaurs [modified pelvis] Ornithischians [pubis bone oriented posteriorly] Saurischians [pubis bone oriented anteriorly] Sauropods Theropods (Tyrannosaurus, birds) Mammals [mammary glands, hair, soft palate] Prototherians (Platypus, Echidna) (unnamed taxon) [no external eggs, young retained internally] Metatherians (Marsupials: kangaroos, opossums) [pouch] Eutherians (Bats, Rodents – Mus musculus, Cetaceans) [placenta] Prosimians (Lemurs)Primates Tarsiers (unnamed taxon) New world monkeys (Tamarins, Marmosets, Howlers) [nose with wide septum, prehensile tail] Old world monkeys (Macaque, Baboon) [nose with narrow septum, non-prehensile tail] Apes (Gibbons, Gorilla, Orangutan, Pongo) Pan (Chimpanzee, Bonobo) Hominins (†Ardipithecus, †Paranthropus, †Australopithecus, †Homo erectus, †H. heidelbergensis, †H. neanderthaensisl, H.