Name%_______________________________%%%%%%%BIO%2110%–%Genetics%%Exam%3%%9%December%2016%%See%last%page%for%potentially%useless%formulae%Show%your%work%for%all%problems.%calculators%permitted%% %% %%%%1.% Variation%in%body%color%pattern%in%newts%results%from%allelic%variation%at%a%single%gene.%%Dominance%relationships%among%these%alleles%are%shown%below.%%Also%shown%is%the%distribution%of%phenotypes%within%a%population%of%newts.%%From%these%data,%determine%the%frequencies%of%all%alleles%and%genotypes%for%this%gene.%%Assume%this%population%is%in%Hardy-Weinberg%Equilibrium.%%%%%phenotypic%genotype%%phenotype%distribution%AA%Aa%Aα%%---%%Green%with%yellow%stripes%%228%%%%%aa%---%Green%with%large%yellow%spots%300%%%%%aα%---%Green%with%small%yellow%spots%480%%%%%αα ---%Green,%no%yellow%spots%192%%% %%%%2.% Saltwater%crocodile%populations%currently%are%present%in%the%Irrawaddy%Delta%in%Myanmar%and%in%northern%Australia.%%Adults%in%both%of%these%populations%grow%to%a%length%of%23%feet.%%F1%hybrids%from%crosses%between%these%populations%also%grow%to%a%length%of%23%feet.%%Among%768%F2%adults,%three%were%observed%that%were%35%feet%long.%%%%i.% Describe%a%quantitative%genetic%model%to%explain%the%presence%of%these%35%foot-long%crocodiles%in%the%F2%population.%%i.e.%What%were%the%genotypes%of%the%P0s%in%this%hybrid%cross?%ii.% Based%on%your%model,%what%would%be%the%smallest%F2%crocodile%observed?%%% %%%%3.% Fang%length%variation%in%Smilodon(fatalis%resulted%from%allelic%variation%at%a%single%gene.%%Dominance%relationships%for%this%gene%are%shown%below.%%Also%shown%are%the%relative%fitnesses%of%genotypes%and%the%initial%frequencies%of%alleles%for%this%gene.%%Determine%allelic%and%genotypic%frequencies%for%this%gene%through%two%generations%of%selection.%%[Assume%no%other%departures%from%Hardy-Weinberg%Equilibrium]%%%%relative%%%initial%genotype%fang%length%fitness%%allele%frequency%AA%8%inches%0.7%%A%p%=%0.9%Aa%9%inches%1.0%%a%q%=%0.1%aa%1%inch%0.2%%%%%%% %%%%4.% Size%variation%in%Pterois(sphex%is%normally%distributed%(see%below).%%How%would%this%distribution%change%if%predation%selectively%targeted;%%i. smaller%fish?%ii. smaller%and%larger%fish?%iii. average-sized%fish?%iv. What%is%each%of%these%types%of%selection%called?%%Show%your%answers%graphically.%%i.e.%below%the%distribution%show,%draw%near%distributions%that%would%result%from%the%described%selective%regimes.%%%%%%% %%%%5.% Ostrich%height%is%a%quantitative%trait.%%Shown%below%are%cumulative%distributions%for%the%sizes%of%backcross%progeny%that%are%homozygous%or%heterozygous%at%the%DMα3%marker.%%Based%on%these%distributions;%%%i. what%is%the%probability%(p-value)%that%the%distribution%of%homozygotes%is%equal%to%the%distribution%of%heterozygotes?%%[Round%D-statistic%off%to%the%nearest%valu e%found%in%Table%2.]%ii. what%is%the%Lod%score%for%DMα3?%%Table%1.%%Cumulative%Distributions%for%DMα3%homozygotes%and%heterozygotes%Height%Homozygotes%Heterozygotes%8%0.071%0.000%9%0.071%0.000%10%0.214%0.000%11%0.286%0.071%12%0.357%0.071%13%0.500%0.071%14%0.714%0.143%15%0.857%0.286%16%0.929%0.429%17%1.000%0.643%18%1.000%0.786%19%1.000%0.857%20%1.000%1.000%%%Table%2.%%p-values%for%K-S%test%D%statistic%p%value%0.05%0.996%0.10%0.869%0.15%0.730%0.20%0.571%0.25%0.417%0.30%0.284%0.35%0.180%0.40%0.106%0.45%0.059%0.50%0.030%0.55%0.014%0.60%0.006%0.65%0.003%0.70%0.001%0.75%0.000%0.80%0.000%0.85%0.000%0.90%0.000%0.95%0.000%1.00%0.000%% %%%%6.% In%a%population%of%2,313%axolotls,%a%G%à%A%transition%occurs%at%position%312%of%a%histone%methyltransferase.%i. What%is%the%initial%frequency%of%this%mutation?%ii. What%is%the%probability%of%fixation%of%this%mutation?%iii. What%is%the%probability%of%extinction%of%this%mutation?%%%%%% %%%%7.% Variation%in%shell%color%in%Chlamyphorus(truncatus%results%from%allelic%variation%in%a%single%gene.%%Dominance%relationships%for%this%gene%are%shown%below.%%Also%shown%are%census%data%for%a%population%of%C.(truncates.%%Based%on%these%data;%%%i.% What%is%the%inbreeding%coefficient%in%this%population?%ii.% What%phenotypic%frequencies%would%be%observed%for%each%shell%color%if%the%population%was%in%equilibrium?%%%%number%in%%genotype%shell%color%population%PP%pink%704%Pp%purple%192%pp%red%104%%% %%%8.% Below%is%a%comparison%of%DNA%sequences%from%four%tufted%deer,%Elaphodus(cehpalophus.%%Based%on%these%data,%what%is%the%effective%population%size%of%this%species?%%[Assume%a%mutation%rate%of%10-8%mutations%per%site%per%generation.]%%GATCA GACCT CATTC GATAA TATAA CTAGA AGTAC GATAT GCCCC GTCCC GATCA GACCT CTTTC GATCA TATAA CTAGA AGTAC GATAT GCCCC ATCCC GATCA GACCT CATTC GATCA TATAA CTAGA AGTAC GATAT GCCCC CTCCC GATCA GACCT CATTC GATAA TATAA CTAGA AGTAC GATAT GCGCC ATCCC %%% %%%%%9.% Divergence,%d,%between%Caenorhabditis(briggsae%and%Caenorhabditis(sinica%is%0.415.%%Assuming%a%mutation%rate,%m,%of%10-8%mutations%per%nucleotide%per%generation,%what%is%the%divergence%time%between%these%two%species?%%If%there%are%100%generations%of%C.(briggsae%and%C.(sinica%per%year,%how%many%years%has%it%been%since%these%species%diverged?% %%%%10.%In%feral%dachshunds,%variation%in%toe%number%results%from%allelic%variation%in%a%single%gene.%%Dachshunds%with%%%AA%and%Aa%genotypes%have%four%toes%on%each%paw%whereas%dachshunds%with%an%aa%genotype%have%three%toes%on% ea ch%paw.%%In%populations%separated%by%the%Kanawha%River%Gorge,%the%three-toed%phenotype%has%frequencies%of%0.01%and%0.49%in%the%Eastern%and%Western%populations,%respectively.%%Migration%occurs%from%East%to%West,%meàw%=%0.1,%but%not%from%West%to%East.,%mwàe%=%0.0.%%After%two%generations%of%migration,%what%will%be%the%frequency%of%three-toed%dachshunds%in%the%western%population?%%%Eastern%Population%Western%Population%phenotype%frequency%frequency%three-toed%0.01%0.49%four-toed%0.99%0.51%%% %% %%%%%e%=%mc2% WAAp2%+%WAa2pq%+%Waaq2%=%W% p1%n+1%=%(1%-%m2à1)(p1%n)%+%(m2à1)(p2%n)%%F%=%1%–%(!!"!"#)% % p%+%q%+%r%=%1% % p2%+%q2%+%r2%+%2pq%+%2pr%+%2pr%=%1%%pn+1%=%(WAAp2%+%WAapq)/W% % θT%=%π θW%=%k/a% a%=%1%+%½%+%1/3$…$1/(n$–$1)%%PA1%=%GA1B1%+%GA1B2% e%=%hν% % EA1B1%=%(PA1)(PB1)% % DA1B1%=%EA1B1%–%GA1B1%%p%+%q%=%1% p2%+%2pq%+%q2%=%1% n%=%!"# (!"#$ !"#$ !"#$$)!!.!"#% % θ%=%4Neµ%!!"%!"!!!"%%d%=%2µt% Lod%=%Log10(odds)% % odds%QTL%=%!"#$ !"#!"#$ !" !"#% n%=%(c%–%1)/2%%d%=%2kt%%% k%=%µ% % D%=%|difference|max% %%%%%% % % % 1%% % % 1% % 1%% % 1% % 2% % 1%% % % 1% % 3% % 3% % 1%% % 1% % 4% % 6% % 4% % 1%% 1% % 5% % 10% % 10% % 5% % 1%% 1% % 6% % 15% % 20% % 15% % 6% %
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