↗URBN 1000: Introduction to CitiesPart 2: U.S. Cities: Historical and Modern PerspectivesClass Outline: ➢ Development of North American cities➢ Colonial America to the modern era➢ The industrial city➢ Rustbelt vs sunbelt cities4 phases of urban North America↗ The colonial era: 1600-1800↗ Growth and Expansion Era: 1800-1870↗ Industrial Metropolis Era: 1870-1950↗ Modern Era: 1950-presentColonial American cities↗ Environmental advantages: river cities, port cities, sites of trade↗ Boston, Charleston, New Orleans (1718, French), Savannah, New York↗ Colonial cities↗ Small, both in physical size and population↗ Exception: NYC: socially diverse, large, economically strong, and by 1643 had “18 languages spoken”↗ Narrow, irregular street patterns that mimicked medieval cities↗ Sites of export centers to the colonial empires (British & French)↗ New idea in the new world: private ownership of landColonial citiesColonial citiesNew Orleans 1700sColonial citiesArchitecture: old meets newColonial citiesEarly Urban America↗ First U.S. census: 1790↗ 4 million people ↗ Only 5% urban↗ Although 95% rural, majority of power concentrated in urban places in early America↗ New York: first capital 1789↗ Philadelphia: second capital 1790 (population: 42,000)↗ Federalist Party (John Adams), was a largely urban-based political party that represented commercial and banking, rather than agrarian and rural issuesGrowth and Expansion: 1800-1870↗ Western and southern expansion↗ Pre-dawn to the Industrial Revolution in America↗ Railroads: no longer were cities limited to being located only by water, but now technological advancement allowed urban areas to form by non-water areas (Midwestern cities) ↗ Why New York grow much faster than any city?↗ Opens Erie Canal 1825: gave NYC economic supremacy↗ Urban trade, both with Europe and U.S. hinterlands↗ Readily embraced railroads↗ Banking, commercial, manufacturing mightUrban-Rural/North-South Tensions↗ Anti-urbanism?↗ Rural South versus urban North dichotomy↗ country vs. city; slavery vs. non-slavery; industrial vs. agriculture ↗ Thomas Jefferson: “…I view great [American] cities as pestilential to the morals, the health, and the liberties of man.”↗ The Civil War:↗ Was the Civil War a “confrontation between urban and rural, between industrial and agricultural values?”Erie CanalAmerican Urban GrowthIndustrial Revolution↗ Policies implemented during Industrial Revolution:↗ Minimum wage, workplace safety, workers comp, child labor laws, 40 hr work week, social security, right to unionizeAmerican Industrialization↗ Factory towns/cities↗ Textiles mills↗ Mass production↗ Urbanization↗ capitalism↗ Growth of manufacturing industry and machineryIndustrial Metropolis Era: 1870-1950↗ Shift from mercantile economy to industrial economy↗ Manufacturing industries: steel, coal, iron, textile, etc.↗ Technological advances:↗ Construction of skyscrapers, 1884 Chicago (10 story steel building)↗ 1877-1899: elevators, invention of steel-frame buildings, the light-bulb, electric power lines, telephones, subways, and the internal combustion engine ↗ Cities grow rapidly: Chicago doubled its population every decade from 1850 to 1890↗ 1833: 4,100↗ 1890: 1,000,000↗ 1910: 2,000,000The Great Migration↗ 1920, Chicago has 12x its 1870 population: 3,000,000↗ Movement of rural, poor blacks to the urban north ↗ Harlem, Chicago’s South Side, Baltimore, Detroit, Cleveland↗ Immigration: forced to live in crowded tenements near their jobs at the factory↗ Cultural heterogeneity, assimilation problems ↗ Progressive movement: middle class “social reformers” to “Americanize” urban immigrants (eg: Jane Addams’ Hull House)↗ Meanwhile, middle and upper classes moving to “streetcar suburbs”, which was ~12 miles from the city coreQuality of Life in industrial cities↗ Rapid urbanization: sanitation, streets, electricity, over-crowding, poverty, high-density, diseases↗ Urban “political bosses”↗ Discrimination and racism of immigrants ↗ New York “tenements”: crowded, dense, unsanitary housing for the poor, immigrants, and people of color↗ Old city boundaries: cemeteries, which were located on the outskirts of cities (St.Louis Cemetery #1 on edge of Quarter)Tenement HousingTenement HousingUrban PopulationUrban PopulationThe modern era: 1950-present↗ 3 major trends of cities from the 1950s to today↗ Decentralization: the outward migration of people and businesses from the central city to outlying suburban region↗ The older industrial city was a city of concentration and centralization of both jobs and housing↗ Sunbelt expansion: the growth of population, commerce, and industry in the South and West↗ Rustbelt vs. sunbelt↗ Major population expansion occurring in environmental stresses, such as Phoenix in the desert↗ CBD jobs centered around white-collar, service, and tech jobsRustbelt CitiesRustbelt CitiesRustbelt CitiesRustbelt vs. SunbeltSunbelt Cities: 2000s RecessionThe modern era: 1950 To The Present↗ From rustbelt to sunbelt:↗ Although suburban population is growing everywhere, it is growing fastest in the American South and West↗ “urban oasis”:↗ Phoenix, Los Angeles, Tucson, Las Vegas, Albuquerque ↗ Environmental consequences↗ Urban and suburban sprawl↗ Interstates and infrastructure—traffic congestion↗ Water shortages and long-term
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