ANTH 103Assignment on Cultural Response to Development:The Factory Recuperacion Movement in Argentina1. Were the takeovers justified?(a) Argentina has not seen the kind of nationalization and redistribution that is going on in Venezuela and Cuba. Foreigners are legally permitted to purchase property and if you have a DNI, you are entitled to all the same rights as citizens (except voting), which includes the right to private property.(b) The constitution of Argentina is one of the primary sources of existing law in Argentina. Its first version was written in 1853 by a Constitutional Assembly gathered in Santa Fe, and the doctrinal basis was taken in part from the United States Constitution. It was then reformed in 1860, 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957 (which mainly repealed the 1949 reform), and the present version is the reformed text of 1994. Social rights are related to people as part of society: these are (among many others) the rights to work, to have fair wages, to know, to learn, to teach.(c) Zanon Ceramics. After two years under worker control, it’s the granddaddy of this new movement. Today, the factory is in production with 300 workers. Decisions are madein assemblies: one worker, one vote. Everyone gets exactly the same salary. A couple of years ago, the owner claimed that the plant was no longer profitable, that it had to be shutdown. The workers refused to accept that fate. They argued that the company owed so much to the community in debts and public subsidies that it now belonged to everyone. Inthe Menem years, the Zanon factory had received millions in corporate welfare, and the owners still ran up huge debts. Now that his workers have restarted the machines.(d) Forja San Martin was a closed auto parts factory. Before it closed down, Freddy Espinosa and his wife got by. Now with just his wife's job, they can either afford to feed their daughters or pay their debts, but not both. So their debts piled up. The former employees of Forja formed a cooperative. However, these weren't fired up anarchists, they were just family men, trying to make a living to support their wives and children. Instead of taking it upon themselves to assume ownership of the factory, they asked the bankruptcy court for permission to inspect the factory - evidence that the former owners sold factory contents gave them a legal case to take over the factory. They would all be administrators. They decided they would have equal salaries and that they would work harder because their interests would now be much more in line with company goals. The former employees decided to guard the factory to prevent it from being emptied out. Their goal was to be like other recovered factories, like Zanon.2. Managers have an influence over other people. Their strengths can be a terrific benefit for the people who work for them. And of course, their limitations can trickle down to create frustration, confusion, or even paralysis for those they lead. Because they have thiseffect on others, managers have a responsibility to know themselves. A leader has its ownstyles of leadership. He may be a transactional leader. The transactional leadership style was first described by Max Weber in 1947, and again by Bernard M. Bass in 1981.Transactional leaders are on the opposite leadership theory spectrum relative to transformational leaders. The former depends on a system of rewards and punishments, while the latter takes advantage of internal motivations. I learned that this leadership styleis based on the hypothesis that followers are motivated through a system of rewards and punishment. If the follower does something good, then they will be rewarded. If the follower does something wrong, then they will be punished.Members of cooperative businesses pay lower or stabilized prices for products and services because of the buying power of the cooperative. Businesses that sell to cooperatives may receive higher or stabilized prices for their products or services. Benefits are distributed to members based on usage of the cooperative’s products or services. A member who purchases 10 percent of the products or services receives a return of 10 percent in benefits. Cooperative business members also benefit from shared ownership, which results in shared risk, both liability and financial, and reduced expensesfor operational costs. However, cooperative businesses are established to cater the needs of small medium income group people. Most of the stores are uneconomical size because of inadequate finance raised from its members. Also, the stores do not exercise efficiency in management because these are managed by amateurs who are not professional managers. . It lacks loyalty of all the members and as such these are managed by few members. The progress of the store is hampered when all the members are not loyal to theoperation of the storeEven thought a managerial model has disadvantages, it is hard to ignore advantages of autocratic leadership. In the military and other urgent circumstances, people may prefer the ability to be told what do next. According to Money Zine, "In fact, in times of stress or emergency, some subordinates may actually prefer an autocratic style--they prefer to be told exactly what to do. ... The autocratic leadership style is very effective when times are stressful." Lengthy debate has no place in many work environments, and this form of leadership limits arguments. It allows employees to have one task, and that is to work, which could mean that the employees master their tasks and become proficient enough to help grow the company.3. Economic development is unsustainable if it increases vulnerability to crises. A drought may force farmers to slaughter animals needed for sustaining production in future years. A drop in prices may cause farmers or other producers to overexploit naturalresources to maintain incomes. But vulnerability can be reduced by using technologies that lower production risks, by choosing institutional options that reduce market fluctuations, and by building up reserves, especially of food and foreign exchange. A development path that combines growth with reduced vulnerability is more sustainable than one that does not.The neoliberalism idea of "trickle-down" economics does not have any logical ground. It basically means the free market economy generates income for the owner of capital and the resulted profits eventually would drip down to the bottom strata of the society. Three decades of