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UCSB EEMB 171 - Lecture 1-3 2016 (2)

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PowerPoint PresentationSlide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53EEMB/ES 171: Ecosystem ProcessesProfessor: Josh Schimel E-mail: [email protected] Office: Noble Hall 1108Teaching Assistants: Shannon Hagerty & Eric Slessarev E-mail: [email protected]@lifesci.ucsb.edu Office: Shannon: Noble Hall 1111 Eric: Noble Hall 1103Textbook: Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem EcologyChapin, Matson & Vitousek (2012)Course Expectations:• Listen, ask questions  gain an ecosystems perspective• Read assigned material before sections• Section write ups will be typed, grammatically sound, etc. • Course assignments will be handed in on time (beginning of class period or section), no exceptionsGrand Themes in Grand Themes in Ecosystem ScienceEcosystem Sciencewhat is this?Grand Themes in Grand Themes in Ecosystem ScienceEcosystem ScienceGrand Themes in Grand Themes in Ecosystem ScienceEcosystem Sciencewhat is this?source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/thereporters/richardblack/2011/01/forests_redd_or_dead.htmlsource: http://www.amazonrainforestnews.com/2011/08/new-petition-to-save-amazon-as-new-laws.htmlGrand Themes in Grand Themes in Ecosystem ScienceEcosystem ScienceGrand Themes in Grand Themes in Ecosystem ScienceEcosystem Sciencewhat causes the squiggle?carbon (C) storage is determined by the net balance between C fixation & releaseimage modified from: http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/earthandsun/frozen_north.html CO2CHNOCO2Grand Themes in Grand Themes in Ecosystem ScienceEcosystem Sciencesource: http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2007/12/26/ocean-algae-zoom.htmlphotosynthesis occurs in oceans too!Grand Themes in Grand Themes in Ecosystem ScienceEcosystem ScienceWhich terrestrial ecosystem is this most like?57 g/m2/y900 g/m2/y300 g/m2/y32 g/m2/y5 g/m2/ythe global C cycle: majority of organic C is stored in the ocean & land Grand Themes in Grand Themes in Ecosystem ScienceEcosystem Sciencewhat are the biophysical feedbacks betweenecosystems and the climate system?Ecosystem processes in a changing world:2. HUMAN ACTIVITIES. How do people alter ecosystem processes? How does this affect the climate system?Two perspectives:1. BIOGEOCHEMISTRY. Different scales, energy transfer through ecosystems.Physical sciencesChemical sciencesBiological sciencesEcosystem Ecology Ecosystem Physiology vs. Population & Community Ecology Ecosystem AnatomyEcosystem Science: conceptsEcosystem Science: conceptsEcosystem Ecologywhole ecosystemsCommunity Ecologycommunities of interacting speciesPopulation Ecologydynamics of individual species/populationsEcosystem Science: conceptsEcosystem Science: conceptsEcosystem Ecologywhole ecosystemsPhysiological EcologyFunctioning of individual organismsBiochemistryPathways and control of biological reactionsEcosystem Science: conceptsEcosystem Science: conceptsFundamental Principles of Ecosystem EcologyLaw of conservation of mass/matter1st Law of Thermodynamics: Conservation of energy2nd Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy increasesElements cycleEnergy spiralsIt may be convenient to designate control watersheds in experimental studies as “mature” or “climax” in terms of a vegetational cycle, but there should be no confusion between mature or climax in a phytosociological sense & steady state in the ecosystem sense (Vitousek and Reiners, 1975). What does this mean?Climax forestSteady state: flows in = flows outCore issues in ecosystem ecology: How do ecosystems function?Pathways & kineticsFlow paths of energy and elements?What are the rates of material/energy fluxes?What controls those rates?Ecosystem Science: conceptsEcosystem Science: conceptsCore issues in ecosystem ecology:Questions are not organism-focusedQuestions are not organism-focused• Why do clear-cut forests flush nitrate (NO3-)? • Why is the tundra a net sink for carbon (C)?• How will nitrogen (N) deposition alter forest production?• Why do wetlands “retain” so much N?Answers may be organism-focused, but…Answers may be organism-focused, but… consider species differences only when necessary.consider species differences only when necessary. Ecosystems contain too many organisms to consider the influence of all of them.Ecosystem Science: conceptsEcosystem Science: conceptsEcosystem Science:Ecosystem Science:A brief historyA brief historyThe general idea among biologists at large seemed to be that ecology dealt with a blow-by-blow account of a day in the life of a cockroach, woodlouse, or sparrow; and the notion that it could study such questions as what does the ecosystem do with the incident solar energy, tended to be greeted with blank stares of incomprehension—whatever was one talking about?C.H. Waddington, 1975The Evolution of IBPModern ecosystem science Modern ecosystem science bridges scales of space & time. bridges scales of space & time. Dealing with these is a challengeDealing with these is a challenge.Time0 10 20 30 40 50Process Rate-4-202468GainsLossesProcess dynamics over timeEcosystem is losing materialEcosystem Science:Ecosystem Science:Temporal considerationsTemporal considerationsTime0 10 20 30 40 50Process Rate-4-202468GainsLossesProcess dynamics over timeEcosystem is gaining materialEcosystem Science:Ecosystem Science:Temporal considerationsTemporal considerationsTime0 10 20 30 40 50Process Rate-4-202468GainsLossesProcess dynamics over timeEcosystem is changing rapidly Ecosystem Science:Ecosystem Science:Temporal considerationsTemporal considerationsTime0 10 20 30 40 50Process Rate-4-202468GainsLossesProcess dynamics over timelinear + sine curvelinear fitProcess rate = X1* t + X2*sin(t) + Random[+/- 3]Ecosystem Science:Ecosystem Science:Temporal considerationsTemporal considerationsEcosystem Science:Ecosystem Science:Temporal considerationsTemporal considerationsLinking temporal & Linking temporal & spatial scales spatial scales AGRICULTURE Influence global climate?DEFORESTATION Influence H2O supply?ACID RAIN Influence forest productivity?BIOCHEMICAL CONTROLS Influence bedrock weathering?global ecosystem (5,000 km)watershed (10 km)forest (1


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