Due: Sept. 19, 2017 at 1:30 pm sectionPossible points: 34EPI 203: Epidemiologic Methods Name: _______________________ Problem Set 1: Study DesignDue: Sept. 19, 2017 at 1:30 pm sectionPossible points: 34Please word process your answers directly into this document, unless otherwise directed, but feel free to handdraw any complex graphics. Note: For the question(s) marked “FOR DISCUSSION IN SECTION ONLY:”, please familiarize yourself with this item(s) before section such that we can have a rewarding discussion. Also, please be sure to complete all of the required problem set questions. The “FOR DISCUSSION” question does not always mark the end of the required problem set.1. PRACTICE QUESTIONS (please attempt to answer these practice questions 1a-e, but it is not required that you type your answers into this document for practice questions 1a-e): Name the type of study design for each of the following scenarios. If more than one design seems plausible to you, choose the one which has the best chance at valid (i.e., accurate) inferences (i.e., results). If the study design (i.e., the design directly used to address the research question) is a cohort study, state if it is fixed or dynamic. (a) In 2014, the U.S. National Death Index (a public access listing of all deaths and dates of deaths in the U.S. for the last 50 years) was searched for mortality for all employees of a ship building company who began their employment anytime between 1970-1980. Mortality was compared according to the department in the company in which the employee worked, after adjustment for age, sex, and socioeconomic status (as assessed by salary). All information on the employees was available from the company’s human resource records. Each department was known to work with certain chemicals. The objective was to determine whether exposure to certain chemicals in the various departments of the ship building process may be associated with greater mortality (both while working at the company and afterwards). Practice question; click to see answer (b) In the 2012 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS), researchers compared the proportion of subjects who reported current respiratory problems by age. Practice question; click to see answer(c) Dietary histories were taken from patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes at the San Francisco Veteran’s Affairs (VA) hospital (a hospital for former military personnel) and compared with dietary histories from a sample of VA patients without diabetes. The objective was to determine whether certain dietary factors were associated with the development of diabetes. Practice question; click to see answer(d) Healthy persons over age 65, who had been identified by a population-based survey, provided blood specimens for testing, were interviewed about their household environment and health habits and were subsequently followed for eight years with neuropsychologic testing for new occurrence of Alzheimer’s disease. Epi Methods Problem Set 1 Study DesignPractice question; click to see answer(e) Incidence rates of cerebrovascular death from 2009 through 2013 in different regions in the U.S. were obtained from public access national data and then compared with data from the same time period from local municipal water districts to determine if higher levels of calcium or magnesium in drinking water wereassociated with cerebrovascular mortality. Practice question; click to see answer Epi Methods Problem Set 2 Study Design1. A case-control study of the determinants of brain cancer in adults age 25 and older is being planned in Finland, where all new cases of cancer must be reported by law to a central registry (and where validation studies have determined very high levels of compliance). All cases of brain cancer diagnosed from 2015 to 2020 in Finland will be included. (a) What type of study base will be sampled in this case-control study, a primary study base or a secondary study base? Is this underlying cohort fixed or dynamic? (1 pt)(b) Considering your answer in part (a), name the 3 possible approaches to sampling controls (i.e., timing of their selection) and explain them briefly. (2 pts)(c) Rank (high to low) the 3 sampling approaches in terms of how expensive you believe they are to perform. Briefly explain your answer. Assume that in each approach that you need the same total number of controls.Also assume that you will need to fund your own dedicated research staff to conduct the work. (1 pt)(d) To study the effect of wearing a “smartwatch” as a determinant of brain cancer, which control sampling scheme would be preferable? Briefly explain your answer. Technical notes: i) Smartwatches are a new form of technology in which a small computer chip is worn as a wristwatch and the device has various functions. The devices give off some amount of electromagnetic radiation and hence there is some concern about their health risks; ii) disregard the need to measure any covariates (e.g., confounders). (1 pt)(e) To study the effect of “highest level of education achieved” as a determinant of brain cancer, which control sampling scheme would be preferable if cost is a consideration? Note: disregard the need to measure any covariates. Briefly explain your answer. (1 pt) Epi Methods Problem Set 3 Study