DOC PREVIEW
U of M ANTH 1001 - Midterm 2 study guide

This preview shows page 1 out of 3 pages.

Save
View full document
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 3 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 3 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience

Unformatted text preview:

- Primates - Traits: - Shared derived traits of all primates: petrosal auditory bulla - Primitive: - Generalized dentition - 5 digits per hand - Clavicle present - Specializations: - Forward-facing eyes - Reduced sense of smell - Grasping hands & feet - Nails instead of claws - Slow life histories - Usually single births - Big brains - Anatomy: - Diet: diet is reflected in the size of the incisors, the shape of the molar cusps, and the shape of the intestines. In addition, primate diets & body size are correlated, with smaller primates favoring insects and gums and larger primates favoring fruits and leaves. - Locomotion: primates exhibit a diversity of locomotor styles that can be organized according to orthograde/pronograde and arboreal/terrestrial dichotomies. - Classification: - Strepsirrhines: - Lorises - Lemurs - Haplorhines: - Tarsiers - Platyrrhini - Catarrhini - Cercopithecoidea - Colobinae - Cercopithecinae - Hominoidea - Hylobatidae - Hominidae - Mating systems: - Types: - Monogamy 1 M/1 F Gibbons, Titi monkeys - Polygyny 1 M/ >1 F Hamadryas baboons, gorillas - Polyandry >1 M/ 1 F Marmosets - Polygynandry >1 M / >1 F Olive baboons, chimpanzees - Humans are unusual among primates in displaying all mating system types owing to the emphasis on the biparental pair-bond of one male and one female needed to take care of an altricial baby. - Anatomical correlates of social organization: - Canine size dimorphism- High: 1 M/>F and >1 M/>1 F - Low: 1 M/1 F - Body size dimorphism - High: 1 M/>F and >1 M/>1 F - Low: 1 M/1 F - Males vs. females: - Males: - Interested in mating, paternity certainty & no infant care - Competition through weaponry, ornaments, and vocalizations - Competition over access to females - Strategies: - Invest in fighting ability - Invest in fertilization ability - Mate-guarding & aggression - Females: - Interested in resource acquisition, mate choice & infant care - Competition through attractiveness & ornaments - Competition over access to food - Strategies: - Dishonest signaling through sexual swellings - Recruit male & female friends to form alliances - Primate social organization and mating systems/reproductive strategies are influenced by resource density and distribution (patchy vs. even) - Primates form large groups because: - Larger groups are better than smaller groups to gain access to food - Larger groups suffer less predation than smaller groups - Male and female primates frequency exhibit dominance hierarchies. High status within such hierarchies provide the following benefits: - Increased access to mating opportunities - Higher number of offspring - Offspring matures more rapidly - Offspring exhibits higher survivorship - “Darwinian Fitness” is the sum of direct and indirect fitness, which is mediated by the level of relatedness between individuals within a group (i.e. as reflected by Hamilton’s Rule) and Kin Selection. - Life history & intelligence: - Primates have large brains relative to their body size - Large brains could have been selected for (1) foraging ability (Behavioral Flexibility Hypothesis) and (2) navigation of interactions with fellow group members in the complex social environment (Social Intelligence Hypothesis). Evaluation of these hypotheses indicate that both can apply but with different species. - Methods of Paleontology - Paleontology vs. archaeology - Fossil site formation & preservation: - Context is necessary to understand the relationship between artefacts, agents, and environment- The chances of both fossilization and subsequent discovery are dependent on the type of sediments and disturbances such as weathering, animals, and geological activity - Taphonomy: study of what happens to the remains of an organism from the time of death to the time of discovery - Stratigraphy: - Principles: - Original horizontality - Faunal succession - Cross-cutting relationships - Lateral continuity - Dating techniques: - Relative Dating Techniques: - Determination of age relative to something else - Types: (1) lithostratigraphy, (2) biostratigraphy, and (3) typology - Absolute Dating Techniques: - Determination of age in years before the present - Types: (1) radiometric and (2) electron trap techniques - Paleoclimatic reconstruction - Climate vs. weather - Climate is affected by: - Milankovitch Cycles: - Obliquity of spin axis - Eccentricity of Earth’s orbit - Precession of the equinoxes - Continental drift - More precise patterns of prehistoric global climate are examined using the Oxygen Isotope Cycle as determined by the ratio of 16O to 18O isotopes preserved in the shells of deep sea


View Full Document

U of M ANTH 1001 - Midterm 2 study guide

Documents in this Course
Load more
Download Midterm 2 study guide
Our administrator received your request to download this document. We will send you the file to your email shortly.
Loading Unlocking...
Login

Join to view Midterm 2 study guide and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view Midterm 2 study guide 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?