POLS 1101: American Government (Fall 2017)Professor: M. EvansStudy Guide for Exam 1 Chapter 1: What are Governments and What do They Do?- According to the textbook, what are the defining features of “government”?o A set of institutions that endures over time, has authority over the people of aspecific territory, authoritatively makes and enforces laws. - Make sure to know the basic definitions of these types of governing institutions:legislature, executive branch, bureaucratic agencies, judicial branch, and courts.o Legislature: makes lawso Executive: puts laws into effect  Bureaucratic agencies: organizational units within the executive branchare responsible for implementing public polices or serves. o Judicial: consists of courts of law.  Courts: resolve legal disputes and guide and limits the executive branchand implementation of law. - What is the name of the legislature of the government of the State of Georgia? o Georgia General Assembly- What is the name of the legislature of the federal government of the United States? o Congress- What are the names of the two chambers of the legislature of the government of the Stateof Georgia? o The House and the Senate - What are the names of the two chambers of the legislature of the federal government ofthe United States?o The House and the Senate - Make sure to know the definitions for these two distinctive features of the American formof government: federalism and separation of powers.o Federalism Authority is partly divided and partly shared between the federalgovernment and the state government. o Separation of powers  Legislative, executive and judicial powers are exercised by three spatebranches of government. - Make sure to know and understand the definition of these concepts provided by thetextbook:o Authority (as in A having authority over B) A has an authority over B to the extent that A has a right to issuecommands to B and to expect B to obey those commands. o Legitimate claim to authority Rightful or justified claim to have authority over another.o Power (as in A having power over B) A has power over B to the extent that A can get B to do what B would nototherwise do. - How are the following three kinds of laws different from one another: ordinances,statutes, regulations?o Ordinances: Made by city legislature o Statutes: Made by Congress of state legislature o Regulations:  Rules made by bureaucratic agencies that have the force of a law. - Why, according to the textbook, is Max Weber’s definition of government (as that whichhas “a monopoly over the legitimate use of force over a territory”) misleading?o It does NOT include the legislative and judicial functions performed bygovernment.o Monopoly does NOT line up with federalism. - What does it mean to be “sovereign”? Whom (or what) is considered to be sovereign inthe United States?o Sovereignty  The highest authority to rule over a territory o The people of the government. - Make sure to know and understand the various ways governments exercise power overpeople. And make sure to understand how the following concepts relate to thegovernment’s use of power over people: positive incentives, negative incentives, carrots,sticks, power of the sword, and the power of the purse.o Positive incentives:  Something that motivates behavior by instilling the hope of enjoying abenefit if a action is taken. o Negative incentives:  Something that motivates behavior by instilling the fear of suffering aburden if a action is taken. o Carrots: Positive incentive o Sticks: Negative incentive o Power of the sword:  Ability to influence behavior by using physical force through the police ormilitary o Power of the purse: Influence behavior through taxing and or spending as a positive ornegative incentive. - What do “the power of the sword” and “the power of the purse” have to do with the“separation of powers” in American government?o The power of the sword The executive branch o The power of the purse  The legislative branch - According to the textbook, one reason governments exercise power is in order to provide“public goods.” What are public goods? How do they differ from so-called “privategoods”? What does the provision of public goods have to do with collective actionproblems and free riding?o Public good:  Goods that no one in a group can be excluded from enjoying o Private good:  Goods that individuals within a group can be excluded from enjoying o Free riding:  Enjoying the benefits of public goods without bearing part of the burdenof providing it. o What does the provision of public goods have to do with free riding? Public goods is not only that no one can demand payment, but also thatindividuals within a group can easily lack motivation to voluntarilycontribute to providing them. o Collective action problem:  A situation where free riding threatens to prevent a group from providing apublic good. o What does the provision of public goods have to do with the collective actionproblem? When most people try to free ride, the public good does not get to beprovided.Chapter 2: Overview of the American Way of Government - What is meant by the word “ideology”?o Ideology  Views about the proper role of the government. - According to the textbook, what are two government purposes that most Americansconsider to be legitimate?o Securing rights o Promoting happiness and welfare of the people.  What is “limited government”? What does it have to do with “securingrights”?- Government must be empowered to serve its legitimate proposes. - Must be limited and controlled in its powers so that it doesn’t posea risk to the rights.  What is the difference between a legal right and a natural right? Whichnatural rights are listed in the Declaration of Independence? Do Americanstend to agree or disagree that those rights listed in the Declaration areactual moral rights that government has a responsibility to secure?- Legal right:o Part of the written, manmade laws - Natural right o Moral rights all human beings have by nature prior to thecreation of the government. - All human beings have natural rights to life, liberty, and to