A Brief HistoryWhat Bacteria Did with Their Head StartSlide 3Slide 4Objectives Lecture 2Normal FloraSlide 7Slide 8Slide 9DistributionGut FloraGut Flora and Behavior IGut Flora and Behavior IILousy SexBacteria and IndividualityBacterial CommerceClassificationSlide 18Basic BacteriumBacterial PathogenesisGram StainingGram - Vs. Gram +Action of EndotoxinsSlide 24Slide 25Septic ShockExotoxinsE. Coli 0157:H7Slide 29November 2009 Beef RecallAs of January 6, 2010December 201320142916E coli 0157H7 PathogenesisE. Coli 0157:H7 Shiga ToxinHemolytic Uremic SyndromeAction of ExotoxinsBotox TetoxClinical ManifestationsCanine TetanusBoutlinum ToxinSlide 43BotulismAvian BotulismStaphylococcus aureusSlide 47Toxic Shock SyndromeStaph Aureus ToxinsImmune ActivationNormal Ag Versus SuperantigenTSST1 a SuperantigenTSST1SalmonellaSlide 55Slide 562008 U.S. Salmonella OutbreakSlide 58Salmonella RecallMay 2010August 2010August 2012An Ongoing ProblemSalmonella 2015Slide 65Salmonella TransmissionSalmonellosis PathogenesisBacterial Manipulation of Host ResponseSlide 69Persistent and/or Systemic (Typhoid Fever)SalmonellaAsymptomatic CarriersSalmonella in CattleBacteria and DiarrheaFood-borne IllnessesSlide 75TreatmentPreventionAntibacterialsObjectives Lecture 2A Brief HistoryArchaebacteria and Eubacteria from 3.8 billion years agoFirst Mammals 0.2 billion years ago. First hominins .004 billion years ago. Over 3.7 billion years later Deep Sea VentsAustralopithecusWhat Bacteria Did with Their Head StartOver 1029 Total OrganismsGreatest MassGreatest DiversityGreatest Distribution “Is now, and always has been, the age of bacteria.”Biologically, the most successful living things on EarthOne Carrier Roughly 100,000 tons1013 Human1013 BacteriaObjectives Lecture 2•Describe the nature and function of the normal flora•Know the general characteristics of bacteria•Explain how intracellular bacteria cause disease•Describe how endotoxins cause shock•Describe how exotoxins cause disease•Explain the pathogenesis of salmonella•Explain how antibacterial antibiotics workNormal Flora•DNA surveys of the belly button, inner elbows, and elsewhere reveal diverse microbial communities.•Belly button has many more bacteria than between the toes. •10,000,000 bacteria per square centimeter in skin “punches” compared to 10,000 in skin scrapes.Representation of the microbial and molecular diversity using the Shannon index, comparing samples based on their microbial (16S rRNA amplicon) or molecular (UPLC-QTOF-MS) profiles. Amina Bouslimani et al. PNAS 2015;112:E2120-E2129©2015 by National Academy of SciencesDistributionGut FloraGut Flora and Behavior I•Commensal bacteria play a role in mating preference of Drosophila melanogasterGut Flora and Behavior II•“One experiment involved replacing the gut bacteria of anxious mice with bacteria from fearless mice.•“The mice became less anxious, more gregarious,” says Stephen Collins of McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, who led a team that conducted the research.’”Lousy Sex•The vast majority of of animals are insects•20 percent of all insects are infected with Wolbachia.•All have given up sexual reproductionhttp://www.extension.iastate.edu/CropNews/2010/0525hodgson.htmWood LouseIsopodBacteria and Individuality•Identical twins may share appearances, mannerisms, even clothes — but the microbes living in their guts are anything but the same. Communities of bacteria in adult identical twins differ dramatically.Bacterial CommerceClassification •a Spherical (Cocci), Rod-like (Bacilli), or Spiral (Spirochetes) in Shape. •b. Gram-negative, gram-positiveBasic BacteriumBacterial Pathogenesis•Attachment to and Invasion of cells followed by cellular destruction or alteration of cellular physiology•Bacteria Grow in Body Fluids – e.g. Blood (Septicemia or Bacteremia) and Urine (Bacteuria)Production of Toxins•BiofilmsGram StainingGram - Vs. Gram +http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/2013/09/antibiotics-drug-resistant-bacteriaGram-NegativeGram-PositiveAction of EndotoxinsInflammationSeptic ShockSeptic or Endotoxic ShockExotoxins•Soluble factors (usually proteins) secreted by living bacteria.•Bind to specific receptors on host cells and interfere with normal cell functionE. Coli 0157:H7November 2009 Beef Recallrecalled almost 546,000 pounds of fresh ground beef meatloaf and meatball mix to hamburger pattiesAs of January 6, 2010December 2013•Multistate Outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coliO157:H7 Infections Linked to Ready-to-Eat Salads (Final Update)•Posted December 11, 2013 3:00 PM ET2014•Multistate Outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O121 Infections Linked to Raw Clover Sprouts (Final Update)•Posted August 1, 2014 2:15 PM ET2916•CDC, many states, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) investigated a multistate outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections.–63 people infected with the outbreak strains of STEC O121 or STEC O26 were reported from 24 states.–17 ill people were hospitalized. One person developed hemolytic uremic syndrome, a type of kidney failure. No deaths were reported.•Epidemiologic, laboratory, and traceback evidence indicated that flour produced at a General Mills facility in Kansas City, Missouri was the likely source of this outbreak.E coli 0157H7 PathogenesisE. Coli 0157:H7 Shiga ToxinHemolytic Uremic SyndromeAction of ExotoxinsBotox TetoxClinical ManifestationsCanine TetanusBoutlinum Toxin•It is the most acutely toxic substance known, with a median lethal dose of about 1 ng/kg, meaning that a few hundred grams could theoretically kill every human on earth.Botulism•difficulty swallowing and speaking •progressive weakness with paralysis •nausea, vomiting•abdominal cramps •dry mouth •double vision •breathing difficulty that may lead to respiratory failureAvian Botulism•Avian Botulism Killing Ducks On Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Possibly Due To Drought•AP | By By JEFF BARNARDPosted: 08/29/2013 11:35 am EDTStaphylococcus aureusGram Positive OrganismToxic Shock SyndromeStaph Aureus ToxinsImmune ActivationNormal Ag Versus SuperantigenTSST1 a SuperantigenTSST1Salmonella2008 U.S. Salmonella Outbreak•A jalapeño chile has been linked to the salmonella outbreak that was found in tomatoes. •Script: The culprit, long thought to be tomatoes, of a national salmonella outbreak that has sickened