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UB GEO 330 - MIDTERM REVIEW SHEET

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1 GEO 334 MIDTERM REVIEW SHEET I. What is culture? a. Deresky’s definition of “societal culture” (because it shows the process by which geography helps to shape culture): i. A set of shared values, understandings, assumptions, and goals that are learned from earlier generations, imposed by present members of a society, and passed on to succeeding generations ii. And because these have geographic dimensions, the expression of culture can also be seen as a geographic phenomenon. b. Definition of corporate culture (organizational culture) II. Chapter 3: Cultural Value Dimensions a. Cultural value dimensions – identified by geographers i. “unique sets of shared values among (geographically-situated) people.” (p. 78) b. Exception and ecological fallacies c. Ethnocentrism Parochialism Convergence Self-reference criterion d. Important studies: study design and dimensions described i. Hofstede (1980): 1. Basics of study methodology: a. Surveys—respondents provide ordinal answers (eg. on a scale of 1 to 7, how much to you agree with the following…) b. About how many employees were surveyed? From how many companies? i. Major criticism of Hofstede study: only one MNC surveyed (IBM) 2. Dimensions (know what each of these mean): a. Individualism v collectivism b. Uncertainty avoidance c. Masculinity v femininity d. Power distance e. Long term orientation ii. Trompenaars (1993): 1. Basics of study methodology: a. 15,000 managers from multiple companies 2. Dimensions (new ones added to existing Hofstede dimensions): a. Obligation (universalistic versus particularistic) b. Emotional orientation (neutral v. affective)2 c. Privacy in Relationships – specific (separate work from home life) or diffuse (home relationships spill over into work and visa versa) d. Source of power/status – Personal achievement v ascription iii. GLOBE researchers (2001): 1. Basics of study methodology: a. 18,000 managers; multiple MNCs 2. Dimensions (largely just a reconceptualization of previously-discovered dimensions): a. Assertiveness b. Performance orientation c. Future orientation d. Humane orientation III. Chapter 4: Communicating across cultures a. Process of communication: i. Thoughts -> words and symbols -> interpretation of words and symbols-> understanding of thoughts b. Factors affecting the interpretation of words/symbols: i. Conception of time 1. Monochronic versus polychronic cultures ii. Language 1. Even when speaking the same language, there are colloquialisms that may be difficult to interpret 2. “Off-shore English” removes these colloquialisms a. You could just as easily think about “off-shore” French, Spanish, Portuguese…any language shared between multiple countries iii. Non-verbal communication: 1. Kinesics – body movements a. eye contact (British) 2. Proxemics a. High and low contact cultures iv. Paralanguage: 1. Definition a. Paralanguage – not what is said but the way in which it is said v. Context (high and low context cultures) 1. Honne and tatemae 2. “Speaking the Unspeakable in Ghana” a. Would you characterize Ghana’s society as high context or low context given the article? b. Verbal indirectness c. “Face” i. The concept of face is widespread across many cultures. ii. What does it mean to lose face? To save face? To give face?3 iii. According to Prof. Toomey, how does the interpretation of face depend on the individualism or collectivism of the culture? IV. Chapter 5: Cross-Cultural Negotiation and Decision Making a. Stages of negotiation i. Be able to list those that the book has outlined b. It is critical to avoid projective cognitive similarity- that is, the assumption that others perceive, judge, think, and reason in the same way when, in fact, they do not because of differential cultural and practical influences. c. Relationship building phase specifically: i. Definition of “non-task sounding” 1. Be able to name at least one country and/or culture where non-task sounding is an essential element of business relationships—see slides ii. Guanxi: 1. Be able to (loosely) define the concept and be able to recognize it in a fact pattern 2. What reasons are given for the historical development of guanxi? a. Until relatively recently, lack of legal enforceability of contracts means that businesspeople need another way to manage their relationships and assure that both parties hold up their end of the bargain d. “The influence of culture on international business negotiations” – Hurn article (2007): i. Assume you are in negotiations with another person who does not speak your language(s). You are using an interpreter. To whom should you speak: the opposite party or the interpreter? Why? ii. According to Hurn, what is the protocol for business cards when dealing with Japanese businesspeople? Why? V. Chapter 6: formulating strategy: a. What were some of the cultural differences between shoppers in China and the United States when it comes to buying groceries, as reported in the article “Wal-Mart’s China Syndrome a Symptom of International Woes”? VI. Chapter 2: Corporate Social Responsibility and Business ethics a. Difference between a corporation and most other kinds of business organization forms: i. Limited liability ii. In the US, state authorities grant corporations charters, which allow them to operate as entities separate from the identity of their owners b. Structure of the corporation: shareholders; board of directors; management/employees i. What is the role of each? ii. Who owns the corporation?4 iii. Who makes decisions in the corporation? What types of decisions do they make? 1. Shareholders: a. Meet about annually to elect a board of directors b. May hold votes on other matters, but many investors in large publically-traded corporations don’t vote their shares and don’t attend the annual shareholder’s meeting in person 2. Board of Directors: a. Elected by the shareholders b. Generally meets a few times a year (eg. quarterly) to make major strategic level decisions c. Appoints the management 3. Management: a. Make (or are responsible for designating that other employees make) most day-to-day decisions within the corporation c. Friedman’s perspective on corporate social responsibility i. Be sure to understand his arguments d. Difference between stockholder and stakeholder e. Corporate Social


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UB GEO 330 - MIDTERM REVIEW SHEET

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