UB GEO 330 - MIDTERM REVIEW SHEET (4 pages)

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GEO 334 MIDTERM REVIEW SHEET I What is culture a Deresky s definition of societal culture because it shows the process by which geography helps to shape culture i A set of shared values understandings assumptions and goals that are learned from earlier generations imposed by present members of a society and passed on to succeeding generations ii And because these have geographic dimensions the expression of culture can also be seen as a geographic phenomenon b Definition of corporate culture organizational culture II Chapter 3 Cultural Value Dimensions a Cultural value dimensions identified by geographers i unique sets of shared values among geographically situated people p 78 b Exception and ecological fallacies c Ethnocentrism Parochialism Convergence Self reference criterion d Important studies study design and dimensions described i Hofstede 1980 1 Basics of study methodology a Surveys respondents provide ordinal answers eg on a scale of 1 to 7 how much to you agree with the following b About how many employees were surveyed From how many companies i Major criticism of Hofstede study only one MNC surveyed IBM 2 Dimensions know what each of these mean a Individualism v collectivism b Uncertainty avoidance c Masculinity v femininity d Power distance e Long term orientation ii Trompenaars 1993 1 Basics of study methodology a 15 000 managers from multiple companies 2 Dimensions new ones added to existing Hofstede dimensions a Obligation universalistic versus particularistic b Emotional orientation neutral v affective 1 c Privacy in Relationships specific separate work from home life or diffuse home relationships spill over into work and visa versa d Source of power status Personal achievement v ascription iii GLOBE researchers 2001 1 Basics of study methodology a 18 000 managers multiple MNCs 2 Dimensions largely just a reconceptualization of previouslydiscovered dimensions a Assertiveness b Performance orientation c Future orientation d Humane orientation III Chapter 4 Communicating across cultures a Process of communication i Thoughts words and symbols interpretation of words and symbols understanding of thoughts b Factors affecting the interpretation of words symbols i Conception of time 1 Monochronic versus polychronic cultures ii Language 1 Even when speaking the same language there are colloquialisms that may be difficult to interpret 2 Off shore English removes these colloquialisms a You could just as easily think about off shore French Spanish Portuguese any language shared between multiple countries iii Non verbal communication 1 Kinesics body movements a eye contact British 2 Proxemics a High and low contact cultures iv Paralanguage 1 Definition a Paralanguage not what is said but the way in which it is said v Context high and low context cultures 1 Honne and tatemae 2 Speaking the Unspeakable in Ghana a Would you characterize Ghana s society as high context or low context given the article b Verbal indirectness c Face i The concept of