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1 ES202 Midterm Study Guide (updated Winter 2012) Recommended Study Techniques (1) go over pre-lab questions / study them (2) review the "How to Study" sheet handed out at beginning of term (3) use the concepts below as a guide to help you focus on your notes (4) memorize terms and concepts (5) go over your on-line homework questions / answers, make sure you know the answers (6) go back over the labs and make sure you can do the tricks / skills (7) review some of the important figures in your lab manual and text (8) go to the lab and look at the lab answer keys, minerals and rocks, work with the samples in lab (9) review the techniques for working with maps / air photos (10) polish your shoes and drink plenty of Diet Coke (a proud sponsor of G202) (11) avoid acoholic beverages and mind-altering cold medicine the night before the quiz (12) clean out the smashed and leaking ketchup packets in your glove compartment.... NOTE: I would spend a minimum of 10-12 hours studying for this quiz if I wanted to do well. Part 1. Lecture Concepts Key Words Fundamentals Environmental Spheres Lithosphere Biosphere Hydrosphere Age of the Earth Ultimate Driving Forces Climate Gravity Tectonics Crustal Composition Core Mantle Crust Oceanic Crust Continental Crust Asthenosphere Lithosphere "Plates" Scientific Method Hypothesis Experimental Design Unit Algebra Unit Conversion Graphing Equation of Line Slope of Line y=mx + B map view cross-section view 3-D view metric / English units mass temperature density Mineral/Rock Overview rock mineral element compound atom nucleus electron proton neutron mineral properties crystal form luster color streak hardness cleavage fracture specific gravity rock forming minerals silicates carbonates oxides sulfates halides rock cycle igneous metamorphic sedimentary magma / lava fast-cooling lava slow-cooling magma two-phase cooling extrusive / lava intrusive / magma weathering sediment sediment transport sediment burial lithification fossil metamorphic2 foliation non-foliated heat-pressure-chemical granite basalt obsidean sandstone shale limestone siltstone gneiss slate marble quartz feldspar muscovite biotite Plate Tectonics Overview Continental Drift Plate Boundaries Convergent Divergent Transform Spreading Center Subduction Zone Volcanic Arc Mountain Building Weathering /Sediment Weathering Erosion Sediment Agents of Transport Wind Water Ice Gravity Physical Weathering rk fragmentation frost wedging unloading/release Thermal Expansion Root Wedging Animal Burrowing Chemical Weathering carbon dioxide carbonic acid water Clay (size / mineral) bedrock soil regolith colluvium alluvium drift lacustrine anthropogenic aeolian clay mass wasting Sedimentary Rocks weathering sediment erosion lithification compaction cementation Sed. Rock types Detrital Biochemical chemical sediment size fractions gravel sand silt clay grain shape grain sorting rock types sandstone conglomerate shale limestone evaporites crystalline vs. microcrystalline coal clastc / nonclastic marine nonmarine fluvial lacustrine glacial Sedimentary Features sedimentary structures methods of transport bedload suspension dissolved load cross-stratification graded bedding reverse grading normal grading asymmetric ripples symmetric ripples flute casts cast vs. mold mudcracks raindrop imprints paleocurrents Stratigraphy/Geologic Time Law of Original Horizontality Law of Superposition Law of Uniformitarianism Law of Cross-Cutting Relations Relative Geologic Dating Absolute (numerical) Dating Half Life Parent-Daughter Isotopes Radioactive decay Horizontal/vertical bed relations Stratigraphy Dike Sill Fault Geologic time / Earth History Age of Earth Intro to Topo Maps topographic maps north arrow map scale contour interval index contour3 Questions for Thought How do the three ultimate driving forces relate to anything that we've covered since the beginning of the term? What is the elemental composition of the Earth's crust? atmopshere? What is the difference between a rock and mineral? Can you sketch the rock cycle yet? What is the controlling factor of mineral properties? Why are they different? What is the crust anyhow? Can you draw a diagram of the interior of the Earth (core, mantle, asthenosphere, crust)? What factors influence how fast a rock will weather? Do all rocks weather at the same rate? What is the difference between weathering and erosion? What are the two meanings of the word "clay"? What do rocks inherently decompose? Why are clay minerals stable at the Earth's surface? What is the sedimentary process from start to finish? How does transport energy relate to grain size of deposits? (e.g. would you find boulders in the deep ocean?) What are the basic marine and nonmarine sedimentary environments? What are sedimentary structures and how are they used to reconstruct sedimentary environments? What type of environment do the various sed. rock types form? e.g. sandstone, conglomerate, evaporites, coal, mudcracks, limestone, etc. where would these rocks form at the earth's surface? What is mass wasting and what are some of the processes associated with it? What drives mass wasting on the surface of the Earth? How do rocks physically and chemically weather? What are some of the specific processes? What types of work do rivers perform at the Earth's surface? How is the work of a river related to energy and force? to gravity? to climate? How do sediments accumulate over time? How is time recorded in the rock record?4 2. Lab Skills to Work On Applying the scientific method basic metric / english unit conversion graphing drawing sketch maps and cross-sections Identifying basic mineral properties which minerals / rocks fizz? metallic vs. nonmetallic light vs. dark colored 1 or 3 directions of cleavage can you do a basic mineral hardness test? Could you identify an igneous, sedimentary vs. metamorphic rock? what about the three diff. types of sed. rocks? Can you estimate: grainsize? sorting? grading? angularity? What about basic paleocurrent directions? How can you tell which way the fluid was moving when the sediment was deposited? What about recognizing some basic sedimentary structures? Associating a specific rock type to a possible sedimentary environment? How does transport energy relate to grain size of deposits? (e.g. would you find boulders in the deep ocean?) What are the basic marine and nonmarine sedimentary environments? What are sedimentary structures and


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