Lecture 11: Pulling it Together Geographically on Climate ChangeThe chart above shows the earth’s _energy budget: that is, how the energy that arrives in the earth’s troposphere in distributed. Some factors increase the amount of heat on the earth’s surface: 1. they ____decrease______ the albedo (reflectivity) of the surface or2. they ___increase______the amount of heat being reradiated from the atmosphere back to the earth or3. they ____decrease_____ heavy cloud cover/pollution/other aerosols so that more energy reachesthe earth’s surface4. They ___decrease_______ the amount of energy being absorbed by vegetationIf less insolation is reflected, and more is absorbed at the earth’s surface, what will that do to the temperature? It will increaseIn which examples would the amount being reflected by surface be decreased?A. More melting of the Arctic ice capB. Building more highwaysC. Increasing snow fallIn which examples would more energy reach the earth’s surface and be converted to heat?A. Cutting down forests-photosynthesis B. Building more highwaysC. Increasing the amount of snowD. Formation of more feathery cloudsE. Formation of more thick, dense cloudsGreenhouse gases absorb heat and re-radiate it back to the earth. When there are more greenhouse gases, the earth’s surface is warmer. When there are fewer greenhouse gases, more heat is transmitted back into the atmosphere, and the earth’s surface is _____cooler_________Which of the following is an accurate list of some greenhouse gases?A. Methane, carbon dioxide, water vaporB. Nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxideC. Nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vaporD. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, methaneCarbon Sinks and SourcesRemember, a carbon sink is a place where carbon is being stored in land or water (away from the atmosphere. A carbon source refers to an area or activity that is adding more carbon to the atmosphere.If we increase sources, and decrease sinks, then we’ll have more carbon in the atmosphere, and therefore more warming.Label the following as carbon sinks or carbon sourcesA. Fossil fuels that are buried underground sinkB. Fossil fuels that are being used by your car sourceC. The ocean floor sinkD. Currents upwelling from the ocean floor sourceE. Forests sinkF. Forests that are being burned or cut down sourceG. Methane buried in tundra soils sinkH. Methane emitted from the melting of tundra soils sourceThe map above shows the amount of carbon we are storing in soils.Question: Where is there the most carbon in the soils? Why?Answers:Carbon gets stored in ____wetlands______ because vegetation breaks down slowly in wetlands.Carbon gets stored in _______cold places____ because vegetation breaks down slowly in cold places.So, cold, wet places store a lot of carbon.In the blue countries shown in the map above, land uses that STORE carbon have risen. In the pink countries, they’ve decreased. Why do you think that is? The US is now growing more forests than many other countries (more conservation/less logging/slash and burn agriculture)Other carbon sources: US Greenhouse Gases by Economic SectorSector PercentElectric Power Industry 33.5Transportation 27.7Industry 18.6Agriculture 8.2Commercial 5.9Residential 5.2US Greenhouse Gases by Individual Household:Based on the chart above, put these activities in the order of how much carbon we use for them (highest to lowest):Water heating 3Air Travel 6Refrigeration 5Auto travel 1Mass Transit 7Heating and Air Conditioning 2Computers 8Lighting 4The map above shows carbon dioxide emissions per capita (per person). The darker the area, the higher the emissions. Looking at countries in the map above, which is in the correct order from high per person use to low?A. US, China, BrazilB. China, US, CanadaC. US, Europe, ChinaThe map above shows total carbon dioxide emissions by country. Why, given the differences in per capita CO2 emissions, are China and the US equal in total emissions? China has 3x more peopleCanada and India? India has 32x more peoleWhich continent has the lowest total emissions? Why? Africa, under industrializedSo how many pounds of carbon dioxide per day from autos if China and India catch up to the US?Roughly:US= 4 billionChina= 12 billionIndia= 12 billionWhat does the graph above tell us about the reasons for rising carbon dioxide levels? Rising populations and industry, the reason co2 emissions have grown so much in the last 3 centuriesTo increase sustainability, what can we do? Stop deforestation, alternative energy sourcesTo increase resilience, what can we do? Ways of dealing with fluctuating weather, ocean levels, preplanning of weather-dependent industriesSome climatologists have put forth 3 scenarios for temperature changes, based on how much emissions grow over the next century, as shown above.How many degrees will Atlanta’s temperature likely change in the next 20 years?A. 2 degrees C (4 F)B. 3 degrees C (6 F)C. 4 degrees C (8 F)For the next generation, what will Atlanta’s temperature be at maximum? Roughly 5 c, 10 fAt minimum? Roughly 3 c, 6