Lecture 10Major concepts from Lecture 9:- Latitude makes a difference in climate: ____higher__ latitudes are cooler than ___lower____ latitudes• Elevation makes a difference in climate: lower elevations are _____warmer__ than upper elevations• Clouds make a difference in climate: in general, clouds make an area _cooler____. Cirrus (high ____feathery______) clouds and _____nighttime_____ clouds are exceptions.• Land and water have different patterns of heating and cooling, due to differences in ____transparency______, _____specific heat______, and ____movement_________.Summary of Land vs. Water ImpactsBecause energy is stored at more depth and can be moved around more in water, and because water heats up more slowly and cools down more slowly, areas located within continents have greater _________variability________ in temperature than those located closer to the margins of the continent. Marine vs. Continental Climates_____Marine____Climate: locations that exhibit the moderating influences of the ocean, usually along coastlines or on islands.___Continental_____ Climate: locations that are less affected by the sea and therefore have a greater range between maximum and minimum temperatures, both daily and yearly.Matching:1. Continental climate B A. Moderating influence of ocean2. Marine climate A B. Typically in interior of continents3. Greater temperature ranges B4. Low range in temperatures AClimographs: a way of depicting climate patternsGraphs showing annual patterns of ____temperature_____ and ________precipitation_____, with bars depicting the average precipitation for each month, and dots connected by a line depicting temperature.Which of the above climographs show marine climates? Lower Continental? upperGlobal annual temperature ranges. The biggest extremes are in the upper parts of the _____________Northern Hemisphere continents_______________. One major reason is that the huge land masses are continental, not marine climates.Where is the greatest temperature variability: Siberia, Texas, the Sahara, or Venezuela? SiberiaWhere is the least temperature variability: northern Canada, the Sahara, the US Midwest, or theequatorial Pacific Ocean? Pacific OceanDoes Michigan have more or less variability than Central Europe? MoreEarth’s Temperature Patterns are seen using isolines Isoline: a line along which there is a constant valueIsotherm: line that connects points of equal temperatureThermal equator: an isotherm connecting highest mean temperatures across the globeThe thermal equator is:A. The average heat directly at the equator during JulyB. The average heat directly at the equator for the whole yearC. 0 degrees latitudeD. an isotherm connecting all points of highest mean temperature across the globe. T/F An isoline connects lines of increasing value. equalT/F An isotherm connects lines of equal humidity. temperatureGlobal Mean Temperatures for January Southern hemisphere: In January, the isotherms shift southward over land – towards the sun, because the southern hemisphere is tilted towards the sun. Land heats up faster than water, so the southern lands heat up faster than the southern oceans. Northern hemisphere: In January, the isotherms shift _____southward______ over land – because thecontinents _______cool down faster_____than the oceans: the northern oceans stay warmer ___longer___ than the northern continents doTemperature Patterns in July Opposite trends in July. The hottest places on Earth are the_________northern hemisphere deserts________. The land heats up much ________faster______ than the ocean waters. So the thermal equator ____peaks north_____ and travels through those ____deserts________.Which is NOT true? A. The biggest extremes in temperature are in the northern hemisphere continentsB. The thermal equator dips south in January over landC. The hottest places in the world in July are the islands at the Tropic of CancerD. The thermal equator peaks north in July over land.T/F The thermal equator is over the northern hemisphere deserts in JulyT/F In July, the thermal equator is farther south in South America than it is in the Pacific Ocean, because the land is warmer than the water at the same latitude.T/F In January, the thermal equator is farther south over land in North America than it is over the PacificOcean because the water is cooler than the land.High Latitude ConnectionsPermafrost: permanently frozen soil that has a thin surface layer that freezes and thaws each summerThere is a lot of methane in permafrost (tundra) soils. This is because there is not much oxygen because the ground is either saturated or frozen, so organic material has to break down – very slowly - without oxygenT/F Methane gas is plentiful in tundra (and other wet) soils.T/F Plants (organic matter) break down quickly in tundra (and other wet) soils because there is so much oxygen.Positive Feedback Cycle: when permafrost thaws, methane is released from the soil. Warming causes methane release, which causes more warming, which causes more permafrost thawing, which releases more methane, etc.What other positive feedback cycle did we see in the polar areas in regard to climate change? The icecap meltingAir Temperature and the Human Body The perception of temperature varies among individuals and cultures. Also humidity, wind speed and airtemperature affect our sense of comfort.Low Temperature ( hypothermia ) stressHow our bodies regulate for cold: heat-gaining mechanisms1. constrict surface blood vessels: you don’t want to lose heat by having the liquid blood near thesurface of your skin 2. Thicken blood 3. balling up to reduce the amount of body heat exposed to the air. 4. Increase physical activity 5. shivering: you want to produce heat by using your muscles. Leading to:increased urine volume: less water to lose more heatfrostbite due to inadequate blood supply to exposed partsIncreased appetiteNeurosesFailure: Drowsiness then cessation of heartbeat and breathing Two phenomena associated with hypothermia:Paradoxical undressingTerminal burrowing: people go to enclosed spacesWind Chill: As wind speeds increase, heat loss from the skin increases. The wind-chill factor indicates the enhanced rate at which body heat is lost to air and at best represents an estimate of heat-energy loss. High temperature (hyperthermia) stressHow our bodies regulate for heat: heat dissipation mechanisms1.