Basics of human movement Claudia Stanescu Ph D Office Hours in Gittings 108 Tue 10 11am and Thurs 1 2pm or by appointment Objectives 1 Define the terms origin and insertion 2 Be able to list and describe the three classes of levers giving examples of each 3 Define and be able to demonstrate the body movements listed in this section 4 Describe the classification of muscles based on action and be able to determine the role played by a muscle in a particular movement i e agonist antagonist synergist fixator 5 Be familiar with the characteristics that are often used to name muscles position size orientation etc Skeletal muscle contraction is voluntary Requires nervous system input Some skeletal muscles can be automatic but we have the ability to change their activity Diaphragm usually automatic but you can take a deep breath or hold your breath whenever you choose controlled by phrenic nerve some muscles are on a pattern Basics of human movement Muscles pull on bones they do not push easy to predict the action of a muscle if you know its location pulling on string shortening string pulls muscle puppet ie Origin the place where the muscle starts on a bone stays stationary Insertion the place where the muscle ends on a bone moves toward the origin insertion moves towards origin BICEP BRACHII bicep curl moves insertion closer to origin another way to shorten distance between radius and scapula is to flex the arm bicep curl flexion of forearm incur the insertion reverse action Muscle Action the muscle insertion moves towards the origin ie bicep curl Reverse Action anchoring the insertion will cause the origin to move towards the insertion ie pull ups think about angle of joint should tell what the action is Levers and Fulcrums move along fixed point joint Lever rigid bar bone Fulcrum fixed point around which the rigid bar bone moves joint Muscles act to facilitate movement at a fulcrum joint by exerting force on the lever bone Example of lever system effort is applied at insertion pulls up forearm load is weight of forearm or whatever is in the hand Types of levers 1 First class levers LFE 2 Second class levers FLE FEL 3 Third class most levers joins in body are 3rd First class levers LFE fulcrum in the middle Not many examples in the human body joint between occipital chondyles and atlas load is weight of head if load effort head moves down if effort load head moves up effort fulcrum load Second class levers FLE fulcrum load effort Not many examples in the human body ie standing on toes fulcrum load of body calf is effort Third class levers FEL load effort fulcrum effort applied at insertion Most common type of lever system in the body LFE FLE FEL concentric shortening ecentric elongating effort must be stronger for concentric load must be stronger for ecentric isometric is equal Types of body movements General guidelines In standard anatomical position everything is extended except the feet When naming a movement include the action and the name of the segment that moves Flexion of the foream Adduction of the thigh flexion move arm up extension move back to body Flexion Extension Movement to reduce or increase the angle between articulating bones at a joint in the anterior posterior plane muscle on front moves limb forward muscle on back moves limb backwards decreasing angle of joints IS flexing Flexion of the forearm Extension of the forearm Flexion of the leg Extension of the leg Flexion of the thigh Extension of the thigh Flexion of the arm Extension of the arm Abduction Adduction Movement away or toward the longitudinal axis or midline of the body in the frontal plane abduct is away from body cannot abduct leg adduct is towards the body Adduction of the arm Abduction of the arm Adduction of the thigh Abduction of the thigh Adduction of the hand Abduction of the hand Adduction of the digits Abduction of the digits Movements of the thumb a Abduction of the thumb b Adduction of the thumb c Extension of the thumb d Flexion of the thumb e Opposition of the thumb Circumduction Combination of adduction abduction and flexion extension such that the distal end of a limb moves in a circle ie head fingers shoulder hip moving in a circle Circumduction of the arm complex movement involved flexion extension adduction abduction Circumduction of the thigh difference rotation along long axis Rotation Movement of a bone on an axis Medial Internal Rotation refers to movement toward the long axis of the trunk Lateral External Rotation refers to the movement away from the long axis of the trunk turn bone towards middle of body on long axis turn away from middle of body Rotation of the head on middle line so neither lateral or medial Lateral external rotation of the arm Medial internal rotation of the arm cant rotate leg or forearm Lateral external rotation of the thigh Medial internal rotation of the thigh forward back Protraction Retraction movement in horizontal plane Movement of a part of the body anteriorly or posteriorly in the horizontal body plane Mandible Clavicles Scapula Protraction of the mandible Retraction of the mandible up down Elevation Depression Movement of a part of the body superiorly or inferiorly in the frontal body plane Mandible Scapula Clavicle Elevation of the mandible Depression of the mandible down up Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion p point Flexion and extension of the foot at the ankle Dorsiflexion flexion of the dorsal surface of the foot Plantar flexion flexion of the plantar surface of the foot Plantar surface sole of the foot Plantar flexion of the foot Dorsiflexion of the foot stand on outside stand on inside Inversion Eversion Inversion movement of the foot such that the plantar surface is turned inward Eversion movement of the foot such that the plantar surface is turned outward Inversion of the foot Eversion of the foot cupping patting Supination Pronation radius rotating in radial notch and flipping over the ulna Movement of the forearm such that the palms face anteriorly or posteriorly The palm is supinated in standard anatomical position palms face anteriorly Pronation palms face posteriorly Supine vs Prone position Both describe a body in anatomical position but arranged in the horizontal rather than frontal plane Supine position laying down face up Prone position laying down face down Supination pronation vs medial lateral rotation Supination and pronation are movements of the hand via rotation of the radius head within the radial notch of the ulna while the