Appendicular Skeleton Claudia Stanescu, Ph.D. Office Hours in Gittings 108 Tue 10-11am and Thurs 1-2pm or by appointmentObjectives: 1. Name the bones of the pectoral girdle, their articulations and bone features 2. Name the bones of the arm and forearm, their articulations and bone features 3. Name the bones of the wrist and hand and describe how they are named. 4. Differentiate between the pelvic girdle and the pelvis, listing the bones that compose each.Objectives: 5. List the bones of the thigh and leg, including the patella, and describe their articulations and role in weight bearing and/or limb/joint stability. Name the bone features for each bone. 6. Name the bones of the ankle. Be able to describe the articulations of the talus, and understand the direction of weight transfer from tibia to talus to calcaneus and foot. 7. List the bones of the foot and describe how they are named.Appendicular Skeleton Bones of the limbs and the girdles that connect these bones to the axial skeleton: 1) Pectoral girdles (2) scapula + clavicle 2) Pelvic girdle (1) coxal bone (os coxa)Bones of the pectoral girdle The scapula does not articulate with the ribs. (articulation of clavicle(no direct articul-ation with ribs) -muscle(only connection between axial and appendicular) -at acromial endThe Clavicle (right; superior view) LATERAL MEDIAL View Clavicle Acromial end ANTERIOR POSTERIOR Sternal end Acromial end of clavicle articulates with the acromion of the scapula (appendicular skeleton) Sternal end of the clavicle articulates with the clavicular notch of the sternum (axial skeleton)The Scapula (right; posterior and lateral view) LATERAL MEDIAL Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous fossa Medial (vertebral) border Acromion Coracoid process Spine Glenoid cavity Lateral (axillary) border (taking arm off, looking in)(major landmark)(above spine)(below spine)(articulates with clavicle)(anterior to acromion)-coracoid process important for attachment?Acromion Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Lateral (axillary) border Scapula Subscapular fossa MEDIAL Medial (vertebral) border LATERAL The Scapula (right; anterior view) (under scapula where musclesare located)Upper limb: Humerus – bone of the arm Radius – lateral bone of the forearm Ulna – medial bone of the forearm Carpals – bones of the wrist Metacarpals – bones of the palm Phalanges – bones of the fingers (digits) -arm = shoulder to elbow-forearm = elbow to wrist(Pinky association)(Thumb association)(like carpal tunnel)Head Deltoid Tuberosity Greater Tubercle Lesser Tubercle Medial Epicondyle Capitulum (condyle) Trochlea (condyle) Olecranon Fossa Coronoid Fossa Intertubercular Groove Lateral Epicondyle Bone of the arm: humerus (like shoulder)-tuberosity iswhere muscleattaches(looks like head)(looks like bowtie)(above condyle)funny bone(ulna)Arm Features for Articulation with Forearm (point of elbow)Ulna Radius Olecranon process Trochlear notch Coronoid process Radial notch (on ulna) Styloid process Head Radial tuberosity (biceps insertion) Styloid process Interosseous Membrane Bones of the forearm: ulna & radius Head (taller)(thumb)(pinky)(upsidedown)(can opener)(rotation for palm up or down)(connects bones, separatesmuscles)The Elbow Joint Name 5 pairs of bone features that articulate at the elbow joint to allow for flexion/extension and supination/pronation. (palm up and down)(arm bend at elbow)Bones of the wrist and hand (Pollex) Carpals (lateral to medial top row, then lateral to medial bottom row): “Some Lovers Try Positions That They Cannot Handle” Phalanx (long bones)(short bones)-digit is a finger-phalanx is singular(only one bone)**know names of phalanges and metacarpals(ie proximal phalanx of digit ii)Bones of the pelvic girdle Pelvic girdle = 2 coxal bones (ilium, ischium, pubis) Pelvis = coxal bones, sacrum and coccyx (minus sacrum + coccyx) (sacrum + coxal)(coxal bone)thing that looks like earsCoxal bone (os coxa) (most superior)(most anterior/inferior)(most posterior)(what you sit on)(large hole)(socket for head of femur)Female vs. Male PelvisLower Limb: Femur: bone of the thigh Patella: knee cap Tibia: medial bone of the leg Fibula: lateral bone of the leg Tarsals: bones of the ankle Metatarsals: bones of the sole of foot Phalanges: bones of the toes -leg is knee to ankle (articulates with femur)(tubby, by big toe)(skinny, by pinky toe)(ankle bones)tarsus = ankle(foot arch)(14) (5 digits)Bone of the thigh: femur -femur articulate with tibia NOT fibulaFemur Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Head Neck Gluteal tuberosity Linea aspera Medial & lateral condyles Epicondyles Articulations: Coxal bone - acetabulum Tibia -medial and lateral condyles Anterior Posterior Patella Fibula does not articulate with the femur -hip fracture refers to neck of femur(place for muscleattachment)(gluteal muscleattaches)(long rough line)aspera = roughhamstringsattach!!!!!Bones of the leg: tibia & fibula (below knee)-tibia has condyles that articulate with femurand fibula(tibia/fibula sit on topof talus)Tibia and Fibula Medial condyle Tibial tuberosity Anterior crest Medial malleolus Lateral malleolus Tibia Fibula Lateral Condyle Anterior Posterior Head (big, by big toe)(skinny, by pinky toe)(quads articulate)(shin bone)-malleolus similar to styloid-bones of ankle (outside bumps) (sharper, smaller)(bigger)talus sits hereBones of the ankle and foot (Hallux) -foot phalanges match handphalanges(thumb, big toe only has 2)Bones of the ankle and foot Talus articulates with tibia and