The power of language…Chapter 6What is the difference between phonetics and phonology? Give an example. In the art piece made for Crystal, to represent Language, where is phonology?“Language” in the artfully abstract: Where is “Phonology”?What your phonology “tells” you about your language?A phonetic transcription uses brackets ([but]) and a phonemic transcription uses forward slashes (/but/). The difference is central to phonology. Explain how the plural morpheme /z/ illustrates this central point of phonology.What is an allomorph, and what examples of these does you book provide?What is the term for the rules that determine the phonetic, or output, form of a plural morpheme, such as /z/?Morphophonemic Rules: Plural formationWhat is an allophone? Consider the words ‘tan,’ ‘mat’ and ‘pulley.’ What are the phones in these words? What are the phonemes? Which allophones of these phonemes can you identify?Vocalic Allophones in EnglishAllophones of /t/ in EnglishWhat is a minimal pair in the phonological sense? Why do they reveal about a language?Consider the minimal pairs ‘bait’ / ‘bet’ and ‘lech’ / ‘ledge.’ How do these minimal pairs illustrate the concept of distinctive features in the phonology of American English?Phonemes have feature value of [+] or [-]Non-distinctive FeaturesThe predictable features of /t/ in EnglishPhonemic Patterns May Vary Across LanguagesProsodic phonology is the study of stress and intonation (pitch, tone) patterns in a language. How does this work in English for: word stress, sentence/phrase stress, and intonation?How does a linguist define a syllable? What does it look like and how is it represented graphically.Consider the prosodic patterns of the following synonyms: devilish/diabolical, happy/content, fatherly/paternal. How do we, as native speakers of English, know which syllable to stress?Sequential Constraints of PhonemesThe power of language…“At the close of the proof, defense counsel argued that the police lacked probable cause for the disorderly conduct arrest because defendant's statements were not uttered with the intent to annoy, harass or alarm, the culpable mental state under the disorderly conduct statute (see Penal Law § 240.20[3]). Defense counsel further asserted that the First Amendment protects the right of a citizen to express disagreement with police actions, which was precisely all that defendant was doing in this case.” Decided February 7, 2013 -- New York Court of Appeals“At the close of the proof, defense counsel argued that the police lacked probable cause for the disorderly conduct arrest because defendant's statements were not uttered with the intent to annoy, harass or alarm, the culpable mental state under the disorderly conduct statute (see Penal Law § 240.20[3]). Defense counsel further asserted that the First Amendment protects the right of a citizen to express disagreement with police actions, which was precisely all that defendant was doing in this case.” Decided February 7, 2013 -- New York Court of Appeals"Isolated statements using coarse language to criticize the actions of a police officer, unaccompanied by provocative acts or other aggravating circumstances, will rarely afford a sufficient basis to infer the presence of 'public harm' mens rea necessary to support a disorderly conduct charge," Judge Victoria Graffeo wrote.Chapter 6Phonology: The sound patterns of language1. What is the difference between phonetics and phonology? Give an example. In the art piece made for Crystal, to represent Language, where is phonology?•Phonetics = study of concrete, individual sounds–How do you pronounce the sound [z]?•Put your tongue at the alveolar ridge, fricate the air flow, and voice•Phonology = study of how abstract sounds of language, as stored in the mind, work in a systematic way (the study of sound systems) to emerge as phones.–How does the /z/ sound change, according to how it’s used in a language to change meaning?•Our grammar tells us that to make something plural, we need to add an ending. That ending is a /z/, but check this out:–/lek/ + /z/ = [leks] and not [lekz]–/leg/ + /z/ = [legz] and not [legs]–/les/ + /z/ = [lezəs] and not [les:]“Language” in the artfully abstract: Where is “Phonology”?2. What your phonology “tells” you about your language?•which sounds belong to its inventory and which are foreign •/t/ /x/ /ŋ/ / / /æ/ /y/ɖ •which combinations of sounds are allowed and which aren’t•/str/- /mb/- /ŋd/- /tw/- /kl/-•which sounds make a difference in meaning and which don’t•[t ek] vs. [tek]ʰ•[s n] vs. [s ŋ]ʊ ʊ•how to adjust our pronunciation to accommodate for the addition of morphemes•/talk/ + /d/ to indicate past tense = [t alkt]ʰ•[s n] + /z/ to indicate plural = [s nz]ʊ ʊ3. A phonetic transcription uses brackets ([but]) and a phonemic transcription uses forward slashes (/but/). The difference is central to phonology. Explain how the plural morpheme /z/ illustrates this central point of phonology. •We look for patterns in English for the formation of plural•In English, a plural morpheme has three different pronunciations depending on what noun you attach it to:–It gets pronounced as a [z] for words like cab, bag, and bar–It gets pronounced as [s] for words like cap, back, and faith–It gets pronounced as [əz] for words like bus, garage, and match•It seems that we have a voiced [z] twice so we posit: –/z/ is the underlying, or systematic, plural form in English; and –this phoneme can surface phonetically as the phones [s], [z], or [əz].4. What is an allomorph, and what examples of these does you book provide? •allomorph = when an underlying morpheme, such as the English plural /z/, has more than one phonetic variant•Your book gives four examples of allomorphs in English:–the plural /z/ morpheme and its allomorphs–the possessive and third person sing. verb conjugation /z/ morphemes have same allophones as plural /z/–the past tense /d/ morpheme and its allomorphs•baked [t], begged [d], wedded [əd]•morpho-phonemic rules–particular phonological rules that determine the phonetic form of morphemes •bus, butt, and bug plural forms are derived when a speaker applies the morpho-phonemic rules for English:5. What is the term for the rules that determine the phonetic, or output, form of a plural morpheme, such as