Chapter 18 Antecedent Control Modeling Physical Guidance and Situational Inducement Study Questions 1 Define modeling How was it incorporated into the therapy sessions with James Modeling is a procedure by which a sample of a given behavior is demonstrated to an individual to induce that individual to engage in a similar behavior To teach James to practice this strategy the therapist used modeling and role playing During therapy sessions James would be standing or sitting but always with his feet flat on the floor The therapist would then remind James of an incident in which he was angry and verbally or physically aggressive toward a person who made him angry When James showed signs of anger such as rapid breathing the therapist would say while modeling the behavior being described Feel the soles of your feet Slowly mover your toes and feel your socks Can you feel them Now move the heels of your feet against the back of your shoes Feel your heels rubbing your shoes Keep breathing slowly and pay attention to the soles of your feet until you feel calm Now smile and walk away from the situation like I m doing The therapist and James would then walk away from each other smiling The therapist provided this type of training during 30 minute roleplaying sessions held twice a day for 5 days This was followed by homework practice assignments for another week Then James was instructed to use the procedure to control his verbal and physical aggression in actual situations The procedure was very effective Before treatment James had averaged approximately 10 instances of serious verbal aggression and 15 instances of physical aggression per month Following treatment James met the requirement of 6 months of aggression free behavior in the psychiatric hospital before being returned to the group home He then successfully lived in the group home with no aggressive behavior during a one year follow up 2 List four strategies that you might follow to influence the effectiveness of modeling as a behavior modification technique Arrange for peers to be models Arrange for the modeled behavior to be seen to be effective Use multiple models Combine modeling with rules 3 Describe two recent situations in which you were influenced by modeling to emit a behavior For each instance describe whether the four factors that influence the effectiveness of modeling were present My friend Katie modeled how to dye my hair the correct way The factors that were present were arrange for peers to be models arrange for the modeled behavior to be seen to be effective and combine modeling with rules My friend Ken modeled how to smoke hash dabs the correct way The factors that were present were arrange for peers to be models arrange for the modeled behavior to be seen to be effective and combine modeling with rules 4 What does symbolic modeling mean Describe how this might explain how a city dwelling child might learn to fear snakes 5 6 7 8 9 The presentation of modeling scenes through film videos and other media is called symbolic modeling A city dwelling child might learn to fear snakes if he she watches a program about snakes on Animal Planet or the Discovery channel Describe the specific steps you might go through in using modeling to overcome the extreme withdrawal behavior of a nursery school child who never interacts with other children Identify the basic principles and procedures being applied in your program Consider the case of an extremely withdrawn nursery school child who almost never interacts with other children You might arrange for the child to observe several instances of another child joining in the activities of a group of children The group should be responding to the model in a reinforcing manner such as by offering her play material talking to her and smiling To ensure that the modeling occurs under opportune circumstances and in a suitable fashion it may be necessary to instruct certain children to perform as models and to instruct the children in the group to behave in a conspicuously reinforcing manner to the models It is sometimes convenient and effective to videotape a number of episodes for viewing by socially withdrawn children In the dialogue between the client and the therapist concerning the client s difficulty in asking for dates briefly describe a How modeling was involved b How instructions were involved c How shaping was involved The therapist gave an example of how to ask a woman on a date and the client modeled this example The therapist gave the client guidelines on how to sound appropriately when asking a woman on a date The therapist asked the client multiple times to imitate his her example of how to ask a woman on a date Define or describe behavioral rehearsal or role playing and give an example Behavioral rehearsal or role playing is where a client rehearses particular behaviors plays a role in a practice setting to increase the likelihood that the client will follow those behaviors appropriately in the real world In the preceding example the client rehearsed asking for a date What does the term physical guidance mean How does it differ from gestural prompting see p 115 Physical guidance is the application of physical contact to induce an individual to go through the motions of a desired behavior Gestural prompts are certain motions that a teacher makes such as pointing to the correct cue or making signals directed to the learner without touching him or her Identify a behavior that you were influenced to perform as a result of physical guidance Describe how physical guidance was involved After have surgery done to remove my appendix and the nurses and my parents had to help me get used to walking again so that the point of surgery didn t hurt as much while 10 11 12 13 14 I was walking Physical guidance was involved because they helped me walk around the hospital by keeping a hand on my back just in case I fell or started to stumble What is generalized imitation Describe an example Generalized imitation is where an individual after learning to imitate a number of behaviors perhaps with some shaping fading physical guidance and reinforcement learns to imitate a new response on the first trial without reinforcement As in teaching instruction following the teacher who uses physical guidance to teach a child to imitate a model starts with a few simple imitations such as touching one s head clapping one s hands tapping the table standing up and sitting down and adds new imitations as