1STARTSTARTFOUNDATIONSFOUNDATIONSHow-to 1How-to 1FORMATIONFORMATIONHow-to 2How-to 2SYSTEMSSYSTEMSPROBLEMSPROBLEMSBIOCHEM GENETICS MOL. BIOSTEM CELLS,CLONINGREC. DNACELL TYPE 3DSTRUCTUREVIRUSESCANCERHUMANDISEASELIFELIFENERVOUSIMMUNESYSTEMSBIOLOGYFUTUREFUTUREGenomicsBrief History1950: Hershey and Chase: DNA is hereditary material 1953: Watson/Crick: Double helical structure of DNA 1960s-70s: Arber/Smith/Nathans/Berg/Cohen/Boyer: restriction/modification enzymes/recombinant DNA 1977: Sanger and Gilbert: DNA sequencing methods1990s-2007: Human and hundreds of others sequenced3/16/07 Slide 22Purves 9.63/16/07 Slide 3Genome PackagingOrganism Genome size (MB) Est # GenesHuman 3000 25,000Dog 3000 25,000Mouse 3000 25,000Fly 180 13,000Weed 100 25,000Nematode 97 19,000Yeast 12 6,000Bacteria 2 1,700Comparative Genomics3/16/07 Slide 43Purves 14.1Multiple Proteins From Single Gene3/16/07 Slide 5Sequence Conservation:Vascular endothelial growth factor3/16/07 Slide 64Functional Genomics: DNA MicroarraysBy immobilizing different DNA sequences in unique locations on asolid substrate, the relative levels of many RNA molecules can bemeasured in a complex mixture in parallel:AffymetrixPhotolithography25 nucleotide polymersAgilentInk-Jet Printing60 nucleotide polymers3/16/07 Slide 7Spots:(Sequences affixed to slide)1 2 31122131 22333Treatment ControlMix1 2 3ExcitationEmissionDetectionMeasuring Relative mRNA AbundanceHybridization3/16/07 Slide 85Human genetic diversityMap of Human migrations by mitochondria populationgenetics. Numbers are millennia before present.From biocrawler.com3/16/07 Slide 9Some Genetic Disorders That Can Be Detected Before BirthDisorder Incidence Inheritance PatternCystic fibrosis 1 of 3,300 white people Autosomal recessiveCongenital adrenal hyperplasia 1 of 10,000 Autosomal recessiveDuchenne's muscular dystrophy 1 of 3,500 male births X-linked recessiveHemophilia A 1 of 8,500 male births X-linked recessiveAlpha- and beta-thalassemia Varies widely by ethnic group Autosomal recessiveHuntington's disease 4 to 7 of 100,000 Autosomal dominantPolycystic kidney disease 1 of 3,000 Autosomal dominantSickle cell anemia 1 of 400 black people in the US Autosomal recessiveTay-Sachs disease 1 of 3,600 Ashkenazi Jews Autosomal recessive3/16/07 Slide 10Human disease6Future3/16/07 Slide 11Genomics and Personalized
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