Anthropology 102 Archaeology and Prehistory STUDY GUIDE for FINAL EXAM You are responsible for all material covered in lecture and discussion (from Monday April 10 onward). In particular, review your handouts from lectures and sections. These are all posted on Moodle. SITES and PLACES: For each of the following you should know WHERE it is (at least as precise as continent or region: e.g., Europe, “Middle East”), WHEN it was occupied (at least approximately, like “Neolithic” or about 6,000 years ago), WHAT its significant characteristics are, and -WHY it is significant. L=information in lecture T=information in Images of the Past 1.) The Fertile Crescent L, T Where: When: What: -Why: 2.) Beidha L Where: When: What: -Why: 3.) Ali Kosh L Where: When: What: -Why: 4.) ’Ain Mallaha T Where: When: What: -Why: 5.) Abu Hureyra, T&L Where: When: What: -Why: 6.) Jericho T Where: When: What: -Why:7.) Çatalhöyük, T Where: When: What: -Why: 8.) Giza T Where: When: What: -Why: 9.) Cahokia, L, T Where: When: What: -Why: 10.) Mesopotamia L,T Where: When: What: -Why: 11.) Knossos L,T Where: When: What: -Why: 12.) Uruk Where: When: What: -Why: 13.) Sipan Where: When: What: -Why:DEFINITION AND THE SIGNIFICANCE of the following terms: 1.) Farming: 2.) Domestication: 3.) Preadaptation: 4.) Spot demand: 5.) Tribe: 6.) Clan: 7.) Lineage: 8.) Sodality sickle: 9.) Quern/grinding stone/mano and metate: 10.) Pollen: 11.) Phytolith: 12.) Coprolite: 13.) Aurochs: 14.) “Schlep Effect”: 15.) Population structure (of a herd of animals):16.) Mud brick: 17.) Tell or tepe: 18.) Natufian culture: 19.) Lunate: 20.) Obsidian: 21.) Neolithic: 22.) Beer: 23.) Hierarchical society: 24.) Central place: 25.) Redistribution: 26.) Sumptuary goods: 27.) Public monuments/monumental architecture: 28.) Mortuary ritual: 29.) NAGPRA: 30.) Archaeological stewardship:31.) Descendant community: 32.) Collaborative research: QUESTIONS: 1.) What is the three-part definition of farming given in class? 2.) What important problems inherent in farming does this definition emphasize? 3.) What is the definition of domestication given in class? 4.) What are some of the places in which plants and animals were domesticated? 5.) What are the crops and/or food animals associated with these areas? 6.) What was the first animal to be domesticated? 7.) What was significant about the domestication of dogs? 8.) What specific characteristics made wild dogs, goats, sheep, cattle, pigs, chickens, wheat, and barley pre adapted for domestication? 9.) What are six of the most important consequences (for people) of farming and the domestication of plants and/or animals? Briefly explain each consequence.10.) True or False? Farming gives people the leisure time they need to invent new technologies and create civilization. If False, then why do farmers sometimes invent new technologies and create civilization? (one short phrase answers this question) 11.) In general terms, describe modern "tribes": their subsistence, population, social organization, economy, and leadership? How should we expect tribes to differ from bands (hunter-gatherers) archaeologically in settlement pattern, sites, material culture, and burials? 12.) What are three main lines of evidence archaeologists can use to determine whether plants or animals were domesticated? What are the advantages and limitations of each kind of evidence? 13.) What is one way that an archaeologist can determine whether plant seeds found at a site are from a domesticated or wild variety? 14.) In addition to grains, what other plant or plant-containing materials can give information about diet, economy, or environment? 15.) How might the population structure of animals consumed at an archaeological site indicate whether the animals were wild or domesticated? 16.) What can we learn about diet and subsistence by studying human bone chemistry? (textbook)17.) In the article "The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race," what archaeological evidence does author Jared Diamond cite to support his claim that farming (agriculture) was "in many ways a catastrophe from which we never recovered.”? 18.) How do we know that farming is not a “discovery”? 19.) What factors may be important in explaining why people adopted or developed farming? 20.) Why is no single story likely to explain every instance in which people adopted farming? 21.) What changes (if any) in subsistence, settlement, technology, and social organization happened in the Natufian and Neolithic cultures of the Middle East? 22.) What burial practices characterize many Natufian and Neolithic sites in the Middle East, and what do the burial practices suggest about these societies? 23.) Why did beer play a crucial role in the development of farming and urban society in the Middle East? 24.) What is the definition of hierarchical societies given in class? 25.) List and briefly explain three reasons (the ones given in lecture) why hierarchical societies are notoriously unstable? 26.) What are three strategies by which the leaders of hierarchical societies maintain the unequal socialorder and minimize internal stress? 27.) How should we expect hierarchical societies and ancient states to differ from tribes culturally and archaeologically? 28.) Why is the first writing a useful tool for social control? 29.) What three purposes may be served by public monuments and public works in general? 30.) In constructing public monuments, which is more important: innovations in technology or innovations in labor organization? 31.) What is a potential problem with the use of sumptuary goods to indicate high status? What is a potential solution to that problem? 32.) What four things must archaeologists do to collaborate successfully with descendant communities?IMAGES: you should be able to recognize the following images 1.) grinding stone, "mano and metate," or "quern" ! 2.) lunates 3.) skull from Jericho4.) a fresco of a upper class ladies from the site of Knossos ! 5.) site of Cahokia, Mississippi Valley, AD 1250 ! 6.) A tell (tel) or tepe made mostly of mud-brick rubble7.) Malta, member of the dog species. The first domesticated animal species (and a self-domesticated