EXSC%223:%FINAL%exam%study%guide%• New$material$will$be$50%$of$the$exam:$Ch.$24$&$27$$ 24.1-24.7,$24.9-24.10,$27.1-27.7,$27.13-27.16$• Comprehensive$material$will$be$the$other$50%$of$the$exam:$Ch.$1-6,$9,$23$1.1-1.4,$2.6,$2.8-2.12,$3.1-3.7,$3.9-3.11,$4.2-4.3,$5.1-5.5,$5.7-5.9,$6.1-6.8,$9.1-9.5,$9.7,$9.9,$23.1-23.10$$Learning%Objectives%for%the%new%material%24.1$Learning$objectives$Distinguish%between%simple%and%complex%carbohydrate%sources.%Starch$(complex$carbohydrates)$• Polysaccharides$$• Grains$• Vegetables$Sugars$(simple$carbohydrates)$• Mono-$and$disaccharides$• Fruits$• Sugarcane$• Milk$$Distinguish%between%saturated,%unsaturated,%and%trans%fatty%acid%sources.%• saturated$fatty$acids$o every$carbon$has$all$of$its$electrons$bound$to$another$atom$o no$double$bonds$between$the$carbons$o solid$at$room$temperature$o sources:$animal$products$(meat),$butter$• unsaturated$fatty$acids$o double$bond(s)$exists$between$carbons$o liquid$at$room$temperature$o sources:$plant$sources$(nuts,$seeds,$olives)$• trans$fatty$acids$o unsaturated$o strings$of$carbon$on$either$side$of$double$bond$on$opposite$sides$§ cis$fatty$acids$are$when$the$carbon$chains$are$on$the$same$side$o leads$to$a$higher$risk$of$heart$disease$o sources:$cakes,$cookies,$fried$foods$Distinguish%between%nutritionally%complete%and%incomplete%proteins.%• complete$proteins:$o have$all$essential$amino$acids$o come$mostly$from$animal$sources$o 1$plant$source:$soy$• incomplete$proteins:$o don’t$have$all$essential$amino$acids$o legumes$o nuts$Define%nitrogen%balance%and%indicate%possible%causes%of%positive%and%negative%nitrogen%balance.%o nitrogen$balance:$rate$of$protein$synthesis$in$relation$to$the$rate$or$protein$breakdown$§ neutral$nitrogen$balance:$protein$synthesis$=$protein$breakdown$§ positive$nitrogen$balance:$synthesis$exceeds$breakdown$• common$in$children,$pregnant$women,$and$tissue$repair$§ negative$nitrogen$balance:$breakdown$exceeds$synthesis$• chronic$stress,$burns,$infection$injury,$starvation$o hormonal$control$of$amino$acid$use$§ anabolic$hormones$• growth$hormones$and$sex$hormones$increase$protein$synthesis$and$growth$• positive$nitrogen$balance$§ catabolic$hormones$• adrenal$glucocorticoid$(cortisol)$released$during$stress$stimulates$protein$breakdown$to$glucose$• negative$nitrogen$balance$Indicate%the%major%uses%of%carbohydrates,%lipids,%and%pr ote ins%in%the%body.%• Carbohydrates$o Provide$fuel$(creates$ATP)$• Lipids$o functions$of$lipids$§ absorb$fat$soluble$vitamins$§ fuel$hepatocytes$and$skeletal$muscle$§ make$up$cell$membrane$and$myelin$§ adipose$tissue$• protects$• insulates$• fuel$storage$§ prostaglandins:$control$blood$pressure$and$inflammation$§ cholesterol:$stabilizes$membrane,$precursor$to$bile$salts,$steroid$hormone$• Proteins$o uses$in$body$§ structural:$keratin,$collagen,$elastin$§ functional:$enzymes$and$hormones$§ energy$24.2$Learning$objectives$Distinguish%between%fat-%and%water-soluble%vitamins,%and%list%the%vitamins%in%each%group.%o 2$types$§ water$soluble$• B$complex$and$C$are$absorbed$with$water$• B12$requires$intrinsic$factor$• Not$stored$in$the$body$o Any$not$used$within$one$hour$are$excreted$o Megadoses=$useless$§ Fat$soluble$• A,$D,$E,$K$• Stored$in$the$body$(except$for$K)$For%each%vitamin,%list%important%sources,%body%functions,%and%important%consequences%of%its%deficit%or%excess.%Vitamin%Sources%Functions%Consequence%of%deficit%or%excess%C$Fruits$(citrus),$vegetables$(broccoli$and$tomatoes)$Collagen$synthesis$Scurvy,$weakness,$delayed$healing,$gastrointestinal$upset$A$Green$and$orange$vegetable$and$fruits,$dairy$Component$of$visual$pigments,$antioxidant$Blindness,$skin$disorders,$impaired$immunity,$headache,$vomiting,$hair$loss,$blurred$vision$D$Dairy,$egg$yolk,$made$in$skin$in$presence$of$sunlight$Absorption$and$use$of$calcium$and$phosphorus$Rickets,$bone$softening,$brain,$cardiovascular$and$kidney$damage$E$Vegetable$oils,$nuts,$seeds$Antioxidant,$prevent$damage$to$cell$membrane$Degeneration$of$the$nervous$system$K$Green$vegetables,$tea,$made$by$colon$bacteria$Important$in$blood$clotting$Defective$blood$clotting,$liver$damage$and$anemia$B$complex$Nuts,$meat,$dairy,$grain$Coenzymes,$collagen$synthesis$Beriberi,$nerve$damage,$anemia$%List%minerals%essential%for%health.%o 7$required$in$moderate$amounts$§ calcium$§ phosphorus$§ potassium$§ sodium$§ sulfur$§ chlorine$§ magnesium$Indicate%important%dietary%sources%of%minerals%and%de sc ribe%how%each%is%used.%Mineral%Sources%Functions%Calcium$Dairy,$dark$green$vegetables$Bone$formation,$blood$clotting,$nerve$and$muscle$function$Phosphorus$Dairy,$meat,$grains$Bone$formation,$acid-base$balance,$nucleotide$synthesis$Potassium$Meat,$dairy,$fruits,$vegetables,$grains$Nerve$function,$acid-base$balance$Sodium$Table$salt$Water$balance,$blood$pressure,$nerve$function$Sulfur$Proteins$Component$of$some$amino$acids$Chlorine$Table$salt$Acid-base$balance,$formation$of$gastric$juice,$nerve$function,$osmotic$balance$Magnesium$Whole$grains,$green$leafy$vegetables$Cofactor,$ATP$bioenergetics$%24.3$Learning$objectives$Define%metabolism.%Explain%how%catabolism%and%anabolism%differ.%• Metabolism:$biochemical$reactions$inside$cells$involving$nutrients$• Two$types$of$reactions$o Anabolism:$synthesis$of$large$molecules$from$small$ones$§ Ex/$amino$acids$into$proteins$§ Ex/$glucose$into$glycogen$o Catabolism:$hydrolysis$of$complex$structures$to$simple$ones$§ HINT:$thing$CATAstrophe=disaster=break$down$§ Ex/$proteins$into$amino$acids$§ Ex/$glucose$into$CO2$and$H2O$Define%oxidation%and%reduction%and%indicate%the%importance%of%these%reactions%in%metabolism.%Oxidation-Reduction$(Redox)$Reactions$• Oxidation=$gain$oxygen$or$loss$of$H$atoms$o Anytime$you$lose$H,$you$lose$electrons$• Redox$reactions$o Oxidized$substances:$lose$electrons$and$energy$o Reduced$substances:$gain$electrons$and$energy$o Catalyzed$by$enzymes$o Wherever$electrons$go,$you$have$more$energy$Indicate%the%role%of%coenzymes%used%in%ce llular %oxidation%reactions.%• Enzymes$for$redox$o Dehydrogenases:$removal$of$hydrogen$atoms$o Oxidases:$transfer$of$oxygen$o Require$help$§ Coenzymes$act$as$H$(or$electron)$acceptors$• Nicotinamide$adenine$dinucleotide$(NAD+)$•
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