Reading Material see website for course Ocean Basins from Oceanography M G Gross Prentice Hall Who Cares Indonesia tsunami New Orleans Galveston earthquake landslide hurricane wind storm surge Oil Gas Minerals metals fertilizer Sand and Gravel for concrete Fate of contaminated sediments Harbor siltation Beach erosion Sea level rise Carbon burial greenhouse gases global warming History of Earth recorded by marine Ocean Basins What creates the Earth s surface What is the shape of the surface below sea level the seafloor What types of sediment are burying the seafloor Hypsographic Curve Earth s Surface Hypsographic Diagram 30 land 10 continental margins boundary 60 deep sea Two distinct levels for Earth surface 0 1000 m above sea level 4000 5000 m below sea level These represent two distinct types of crust Earth s rigid upper layer continental crust thick granite not so dense oceanic crust thin basalt denser Plate Tectonics mechanism that moves crust Plates separate pieces of crust move due to convection of heat in underlying layer Mantle plates can move in different directions and collide Collisions a two continental plates collide form high mountain ranges e g Himalayas b two ocean plates collide form island arc and submarine trench e g Aleutian Islands Aleutian Trench c ocean and continental plates collide form mountains and trench e g Andes and Peru Chile Trench Subduction occurs when ocean crust carried down into Mantle e g b and c above basalt and sediment heated to form volcanic magma Opening of new ocean and formation of mid ocean ridge Plate Tectonics mechanism that moves crust Plates separate pieces of crust move due to convection of heat in underlying layer Mantle plates can move in different directions and collide Collisions a two continental plates collide form high mountain ranges e g Himalayas b two ocean plates collide form island arc and submarine trench e g Aleutian Islands Aleutian Trench c ocean and continental plates collide form mountains and trench e g Andes and Peru Chile Trench Subduction occurs when ocean crust carried down into Mantle e g b and c above basalt and sediment heated to form volcanic magma Bathymetry Mid Ocean Ridges underwater mountain ranges water depth 2000 4000 m can be less where islands occur e g Iceland volcanic eruptions create new ocean crust hot basalt thermal expansion creates elevation moves away from ridge axis in both directions Abyssal basins water depth 4000 6000 m only trenches are deeper abyssal hills include rough relief from volcanic formation abyssal plains smooth surface due to burial by sediment Continental margins created by sediment from land that builds into ocean basins Sub Environments on Continental Margins Continental shelf smooth gently dipping less than 0 1 degrees land surface during lowstand of sea level glacial ice melted and flooded portion of continent Continental slope steep more than 4 degrees rough topography edge of continental crust submarine canyons larger than canyons on land not eroded by rivers directly too deep but by slurry of sediment Continental rise more gentle gradient and relief sediment from land piled on ocean crust Trenches collision of plates deepest places in ocean Abyssal plains sediment from land buries abyssal hills Trailing Edge Margin Sub Environments on Continental Margins Continental shelf smooth gently dipping less than 0 1 degrees land surface during lowstand of sea level glacial ice melted and flooded portion of continent Continental slope steep more than 4 degrees rough topography edge of continental crust submarine canyons larger than canyons on land not eroded by rivers directly too deep but by slurry of sediment Continental rise more gentle gradient and relief sediment from land piled on ocean crust Trenches collision of plates deepest places in ocean Abyssal plains sediment from land buries abyssal hills Trailing Edge Margin Central California area of Monterey Canyon Monterey Canyon Sub Environments on Continental Margins Continental shelf smooth gently dipping less than 0 1 degrees land surface during lowstand of sea level glacial ice melted and flooded portion of continent Continental slope steep more than 4 degrees rough topography edge of continental crust submarine canyons larger than canyons on land not eroded by rivers directly too deep but by slurry of sediment Continental rise more gentle gradient and relief sediment from land piled on ocean crust Trenches collision of plates deepest places in ocean Abyssal plains sediment from land buries abyssal hills Trailing Edge Margin Formation of Submarine Fan Sediments accumulate at base of canyon on oceanic crust Continental Margins Two types Trailing edge margins continental and oceanic plates move in same direction at same speed examples margins around Atlantic Ocean contain coastal plain was continental shelf during higher sea level broad continental shelf continental slope and rise Collision margins continental and oceanic plates move toward each other examples margins around Pacific Ocean contain coastal mountain range volcanoes earthquakes narrow steep continental shelf continental slope and submarine trench Trailing Edge Margin Continental Margins Two types Trailing edge margins continental and oceanic plates move in same direction at same speed examples margins around Atlantic Ocean contain coastal plain was continental shelf during higher sea level broad continental shelf continental slope and rise Collision margins continental and oceanic plates move toward each other examples margins around Pacific Ocean contain coastal mountain range volcanoes earthquakes narrow steep continental shelf continental slope and submarine trench Collision Margin Materials filling ocean basins Dissolved chemicals especially from rivers and mid ocean ridges volcanic eruptions some remain dissolved e g producing salt water some precipitate inorganically e g producing Manganese nodules some precipitate organically e g producing biogenic oozes Solid particles from winds aeolian dust blown from land only important in deepest ocean forms red clay rivers fluvial most important source 90 mud silt clay 10 sand glaciers glacial greatest impact at high latitudes supplies wide range of sizes boulders to rock flour Classification of marine sediments Lithogenic from disintegration of rock on land aeolian FLUVIAL and glacial sources Biogenic organic precipitation of dissolved components dominated by single celled plants and animals create oozes
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