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UB NTR 109 - Lipids and Cardiovascular Disease

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Lipids and Cardiovascular Disease Lipid and Cardiovascular Disease Lecture Topics Lipid ReviewCardiovascular DiseaseStrokeMetabolic SyndromeMediterranean diet Fat recommendations Function of Lipids Types of Fats◦ Saturated Fats - ◦ Unsaturated Fats –◦ Monounsaturated fats◦ Polyunsaturated fats◦ Omega 6 fatty acids◦ Omega 3 fatty acids◦ Trans fatty acids CholesterolFood Sources of Fat Cholesterol Saturated Fats Monunsaturated Fats Polyunsaturated Fats Trans Fatty Acids Fat is stored in adipose tissue◦ Subcutaneous fat◦ Fat stored under the skin◦ Visceral fat◦ Fat stored around the internal organs in the abdominal cavity◦ Large amounts of visceral fat linked to increased risk of health problems like cardiovascular disease Lipoproteins – Fat transporters High Density Lipoproteins◦ Small, dense lipoprotein, high in protein with some cholesterol◦ Release from liver to intestine and circulate in blood◦ Pick up cholesterol from dying cells and arterial plaques◦ Transfer cholesterol to other lipoproteins which return to liver◦ Liver uses it to make bile, removing it from circulation◦ High HDL associated with lower risk of CVD◦ Exercise and omega-3 fatty acids increase HDL Low Density Lipoproteins◦ Rich in cholesterol◦ Deliver cholesterol to cells◦ High LDL levels, results in some of cholesterol adhering to the walls of the blood vessels◦ Over time this can cause atherosclerosis Why do we like foods with fat? Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular Disease ◦ Coronary heart disease◦ Stroke ◦ Peripheral vascular disease◦ Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis - Process Injury begins with: Injury causes vessel inflammation Inflamed cells release chemicals that cause LDL to accumulate at injury site Immune cells attracted to site, engulf LDL and create foam cells Foam cells can lead to fatty streak Thicken to form plaque over time Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease Overweight Physical inactivity Risk Factors for Cardiovascular DiseaseSmoking Type 2 Diabetes Inflammation Abnormal Blood lipids Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Total fat intake Polyunsaturated fat Monounsaturated fat Saturated fat Cholesterol intake Trans fat intake Increase intake of omega 3 fatty acids Recommendations for fat◦ 2000 calorie diet◦ < 65 grams total fat (<30% total calories)◦ <16 grams saturated fat (<7% total calories)◦ Burger King◦ Triple Whopper Sandwich, Large French Fries and Large Coke Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Consume Folate Increase dietary fiber Maintain normal blood glucose levelPrevention of Cardiovascular Disease Alcohol in moderation Active lifestyle Maintain healthy body weight Medical Interventions for Heart Disease Medications◦ Reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver◦ Binds bile acids – leads to excretion◦ Decrease triglyceride production by the liver◦ Diuretics – flush excess sodium and water out – reducing blood volume and blood pressure Coronary artery bypass graf◦ Using grafts (vessels from other parts of body, like leg)◦ Using graft to reroute blood around clogged vessels Angioplasty◦ Tube with balloon threaded through plaque◦ Balloon inflated to crush plaque and open vessel◦ Stent (wire mesh) – left to keep vessel open Omega 6 Fatty AcidsOmega 3 fatty acids Functions of Essential Fatty Acids Precursors of Eicosanoids◦ Regulate blood clotting, blood pressure and inflammation Diet rich in omega 3 fatty acids stimulated eicosanoids that: Stroke A disease that affects the vessels feeding the brain #4 leading cause of death in US Leading cause of disability in US Effects of stroke Risk Factors◦ Age◦ Heredity◦ Race◦ Sex◦ High blood pressure◦ Poor diet◦ Smoking◦ Physical inactivity◦ Obesity Stroke - Prevention Physically active Avoid smoking Diet Medications Metabolic Syndrome A condition in which individual has several risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease Individuals with Metabolic Syndrome are twice as likely to develop cardiovascular disease and five times as likely to develop type 2 diabetes. Risk FactorsTreatment Mediterranean Diet Traditionally had lower heart disease rates than US Diverse diet Includes: Portugal, Spain, Italy, France, Greece, Turkey and Israel◦ Each country has a different dietary intake, but many similarities Mediterranean Diet Red meat eaten only monthly Primary fat is olive oil Grains, fruits, beans, nuts and vegetables, cheese and yogurt eaten on a daily basis Wine included in moderation Mediterranean Diet Meat consumption◦ US average =◦ Mediterranean = ◦ Focus on poultry, fish and eggs◦ Red meat rarely eaten Wine consumption◦ 1-2 drinks per day◦ May increase HDL◦ >2 drinks per day◦  breast cancer and other diseases Mediterranean Diet How to incorporate to your diet: Lowering Fat – Eating OutFood Label Claims Fat-free = Low Fat = Reduced Fat = Light = Lower fat does not always mean lower in calories. Sometimes the fat is replaced with sugar. Food Labels Important to look at both total calories and fat content. Examples: Whole Milk = Fat free Milk = 3 Fig Newtons = Fat free Fig Newtons


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UB NTR 109 - Lipids and Cardiovascular Disease

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