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UB NTR 109 - Carbohydrates Lecture

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Carbohydrates LectureCarbohydrates Types of carbohydrates:Monosaccharides DisaccharidesPolysaccharidesGlycogen:Storage form of glucoseStored in liver and muscleLimited storage capacityBroken down when blood glucose level are lowFunction of CarbohydratesControl of blood glucose levelsInsulinGlucagonFiber and HealthDietary FiberNondigestible parts of plants that form the support structures of leaves, stems and seedsFunctional FiberNondigestible forms of carbohydrates that are extracted from plants or manufactured in a laboratory. Added to foods or used in fiber supplements.Examples; cellulose, guar gum, pectin and psyllium.BenefitsMay reduce risk of colon cancerPromotes bowel healthReduces risk of diverticulosisReduces risk of heart diseaseEnhance weight lossLow risk of type 2 diabetesRecommendations14 g of fiber for every 1,000 kcals consumedAdequate intake:Women = 25 g per dayMen = 38 g per dayMost eat 12-18 grams per dayTipsDiabetesDefinition A chronic disease in which the body can no longer regulate glucose levelsTypically untreated diabetes results in hyperglycemia Statistics8.3% of US population has diabetesEstimated that 7 million have diabetes and do not know itDiagnosisA1C testA measure of average blood glucose for the past few months.Diabetes diagnosis A1C >6.5Fasting plasma glucoseDiabetes diagnosis blood glucose >126mg/dlOral glucose tolerance testChecks blood glucose before and 2 hour after a sweet drinkDiabetes diagnosis > 200 mg/dlSymptomsComplicationsDiabetic KetoacidosisImpaired carbohydrate metabolismLack of insulin, glucose trapped in bloodBody still needs glucose and energyBreak down of fat, producing ketones (alternate fuel)Ketones can suppress appetite, cause dehydration and acetone breathKetones are acids and can make the blood very acidicCan result in coma and deathComplicationsCVD Eye disease Kidney disease Nerve Damage AmputationType 1 Diabetes5% of diabetes casesMost cases diagnosed in adolescentsAutoimmune diseaseBody’s immune system attacks the beta cells of the pancreasBlood glucose levels riseKidneys try to excrete excess glucoseBody uses fat rapidly – causing ketoacidosisType 1 DiabetesTreatmentType 1 DiabetesInsulinDifferent types depending on how quickly they work, when they peak and how long they lastAll insulin available in the US is manufactured in a laboratoryHow much insulin is needed depends on carbohydrate intake and blood glucose levelType 2 Diabetes95% of diabetes cases – increasing in young populationDevelops progressively over timeBody cells become resistant to insulinObesity is commonRisk Factors for Type 2 DiabetesType 2 DiabetesTreatmentType 2 DiabetesDietary ManagementType 2 DiabetesPreventionGestational DiabetesDiabetes during pregnancyOccurs more frequently in obese mother, over > 35 years of ageUsually disappears after birthIncreased risk of developing Type II DiabetesTreatment consists of exercise, medication and diet. Weight loss never recommended while pregnant.SugarNaturally occurring sugar – found in dairy (lactose) and fruit (fructose)Added sugar Look for ingredients like:On food labels sugars listed on the nutrition facts panel include both naturally occurring sugar and added sugar (this may change)Greatest sources in US diet?Source of Sugar Matters!Apple12 ounce CokeSugar and Health ProblemsTooth decayHyperactivityBlood lipid levelsDiabetesSugar sweetened beveragesSoft drinks, fruit drinks, energy drinks, sport drinks and vitamin watersIncreased 3 fold since 1970’s in childrenEstimate 10% of some children's energy intake comes from sugar sweetened beveragesHigh amounts of added sugarSome don’t compensate by increasing energy expenditure or reducing energy intake from other foodsHigh Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS)Sugar Sweetened BeveragesVitamin WaterGatoradeSugar Sweetened BeveragesIncreased consumption due to:Sport DrinksDeveloped for endurance athletes the need to replenish carbohydrates, fluid and electrolytesRecreationally active athletesDo not need sport drinksExercise < 1 hours –Water will rehydrate and next meal will replace electrolytesInactive individualsKidsCarbohydrate RecommendationsEmpty calorie foods High in calories, low in nutrientsSoda, cake, cookies, candy bars, etcThese are the carbohydrates we should limitNutrient dense foods Low in calories, high in nutrientsVegetables and fruit, whole grainsThese are the healthy carbohydratesCarbohydrate RecommendationsThe Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range – 45-65% of total calories from carbohydratesRDA for adults 130g Carbohydrates a dayDietary


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