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UIUC PSYC 210 - ExamReview210

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Slide 1Main Types of ReceptorsAdaptation and ReceptorsLevels of Sensory ProcessingReceptor Fields in Cerebral CortexSomatosensory CortexAttentionDorsal Column SystemDermatomesPlasticity in Cortical MapsNociceptorsPain/Temperature ReceptorsCNS Pathways and PainHearing (Ear and its Parts)External EarMiddle EarInner EarAuditory System PathwaysTheories of Discriminating PitchDeafnessVestibular systemTasteTaste Information to BrainSmellLet’s Talk BiologyVision…aka “Oh fuck”Visual Processing…its 3:40 am…why do I care?Chemical ReactionVisual Acuity and the Fovea…WhoopWhere Signals Travel in the Brain…aka “the Hard Part”Receptive Fields in Visual System…WHY AM I AWAKE?!Hypotheses for Color VisionCortical Visual AreasSlide 34Control Mechanisms (Engineering…WTF?)Skeleton and MovementNMJProprioception and Muscle SpindlesMotor cortexesAreas of Brain + Movement =Basically all questions on exam…Parkinson’s DiseaseHuntington’s DiseaseCerebellum. Again.Psych 210Review for Exam Number 2Main Types of ReceptorsMerkel’s disc: touchMeissner’s corpuscle: touchPacinian corpuscle: vibrationRuffini’s ending: stretchFree nerve ending: pain/temperatureAdaptation and ReceptorsTonic receptors: little or no decrease in the frequency of action potentials as stimulation is maintainedPhasic receptors: display adaptation, rapidly decreasing the frequency of action potentials when the stimulus is maintainedLevels of Sensory ProcessingSpinal cord -> Brainstem ->Midbrain/Thalamus->Primary sensory cortical areas -> <- Nonprimary sensory cortical areasTrue for all sensory systems except for smellReceptor Fields in Cerebral CortexPrimary sensory cortex: for a given sensory modality (ex: vision, somatosensory, etc), the region of cortex that receives most of the info about that modality from the thalamusSecondary sensory cortex (nonprimary sensory cortex): the cortical regions receiving direct projections from primary sensory cortex for that modalityInformation is sent back and forth between these cortexes through subcortical loopsSomatosensory CortexPrimary somatosensory cortex (S1): receives touch information from opposite side of the body Secondary somatosensory cortex (S2): maps both sides of the body in registered overlayThe more sensitive the organ is to touch, the larger the portion of the somatosensory cortex is devoted to respond to itAttention**Some “visual” cells also respond to auditory or touch stimuli**-association areasPolymodal cells: several sensory modalitiesFrontal eye field: attentive visual exploration of spaceCingulate gyrus/cortex: motivational aspects of attentionPosterior parietal lobe: responsive in expecting the appearance of a stimulus (auditory or visual)Lesions in this region lead to inattention on the opposite sideDorsal Column SystemA somatosensory system that delivers most touch stimuli via the dorsal columns of spinal white matter to the brain (dorsal column nuclei in the medulla)DermatomesStrip of skin innervated by a particular spinal nerveBased on quadrupedal postureCervical=face, arms, and handsThoracic=chest, absLumbar=lower back, top of legs, top of feetSacral=butt, back of legs, bottom of feetPlasticity in Cortical MapsCortical maps change with experienceExpanded cortical representations for areas that are stimulated more often Changes may arise from production of new synapses and dendrites or loss of othersNociceptorsNociceptor: a receptor that responds to stimuli that produce tissue damage or pose the threat of damage (sense pain)Free nerve ending: axon that ends in the skin w/o any specialized cell associated with it and that detects pain and/or changes in temperaturePain/Temperature ReceptorsTRPV1: receptor that binds capsaicin to transmit burning sensation from chili peppers (normally detects sudden increase in temperature)TRPV2: detects even higher temps than TRPV1 (doesn’t respond to capsaicin) and are found on larger nerve fibersA fiber: large, myelinated axon that transmits pain info very quickly and adapts quickly (TRPV2)C fiber: small, unmyelinated axon that conducts pain info slowly and adapts slowly (TRPV1)CMR1: opens an ion channel in response to a mild temperature drop (exposure to menthol) (found on C fibers)GRP: stimulate neurons in dorsal horn to provide sensation of itch**Na+ channel relates to pain??**CNS Pathways and PainCingulate cortex: located in medial cerebral cortex, activated when experiencing painNeuropathic pain: pain caused by damage to peripheral nerves (difficult to treat) EX: phantom limb painGlutamate: most common excitatory transmitterAnterolateral/spinothalamic system: system that carries most of the pain info from body to brainPain info crosses midline in spinal cord before ascending to the brain **sensory info from one side of the body ends up in the opposite side of the brain**Hearing (Ear and its Parts)Inner ear: contains cochlea and vestibular apparatusExternal ear (pinna): the part of the ear that we readily see, including the ear canalMiddle ear: cavity between tympanic membrane and cochleaOssicles: 3 small bones (incus, malleus, stapes) that transmit sound across middle ear from tympanic membrane to the oval windowTympanic membrane->malleus->incus->stapes->oval windowExternal EarPinna modifies character of sound that reaches middle earHelps identify the direction and distance of the source of a soundCaptures, focuses, and filters soundMiddle EarTympanic membrane: also called eardrumOssicles focus the pressures from the tympanic membrane onto the smaller oval window; amplify sound pressure to produce movement in fluid of inner earTwo muscles that protect inner ear; stiffen the linkages of middle ear bones, reducing effectiveness of sounds (help us ignore self-made sounds)Tensor tympani: attached to malleusStapedius: attached to stapesInner EarCochlea: coiled, fluid-filled structure that is embedded in the temporal bone of the skullThe cochlea is a coil of three parallel canals all filled with non-compressible fluidScala vestibuli (vestibular canal)Scala media (middle canal)Scala tympani (tympanic canal)Round window: separates cochlea (scala tympani) from middle earOrgan of Corti: components that convert sounds into neural activityHair cells (stereocilia)Supporting cellsTerminations of


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