\2rHeres a quizlet I found online from a previous student that’s really helpful! why was this deleted?https://quizlet.com/49805975/evolution-exam-1-kirkpatrick-flash-cards/SEXUAL SELECTION IS NOT ON THE EXAM RIGHT? I think it is on the examits on it. YES IT IS Hey guys, I’m just creating this doc in case anyone wants to collaborate their notes. Since he doesn’t post slides I want to make sure we didn’t miss anything!Lecture 1: 1. Etymology of evolution: “Rolling out” or “unfolding"2. General usage: Any change, usually gradual3. A biologist's definition: Biological evolution: is an inherited change in a group of organisms across generations. a. Inherited: Evolution involves the transmission of information across generations.b. Group: An individual cannot evolve c. Across generations: Evolution does not occur within a generation 1. We want to know everything about how and why life is the way it is!a. how and why does a species change in time?b. how and why does the number of species change in time?c. why are organisms so well fit to their environment 2. The cichlids of Africa (fish)a. descendants of 4 species!b. 4 species → ~500 species in Lake Victoriac. over 1400 years3. The coelacanth: hasn’t evolved over 75 million years 4. How does the number of species change in time?a. Over half the species on the planet are insects.b. Great Permian extinction: half of all species died off.5. Why are organisms so well fit?a. Camouflage.Gapminder.org website —> shows wealth and health of nations6. Evolution in action: HIV/AIDS Epidemica. HIV is a RNA virus b. uses reverse transcriptase to turn into DNAc. replicatesd. HIV virus is constantly evolving so the antibiotic (not an antibiotic) AZT cannot stop it. There is a change to the gene that makes the reverse transcriptase!7. How does natural selection work in HIV evolution?a. Random mutations happen at every position in the viral genome.b. One or two of these interfere with AZT.c. Those viruses that carry mutations survive AZT treatment.8. Where did HIV come from?a. Analysis of genetic similarities between human HIV and similar primates suggest it moved from chimpanzees to humans in 1930s.9. Do human populations vary in resistance to HIV?a. The CCR5 resistance mutation seems to be hundreds of years old.b. This allele may have spread during an earlier epidemic of another virus.10. Take home:a. Evolution can be extremely rapidb. Natural selection acts on variation caused by random mutations c. Natural selection favors what leaves more descendants right now, not far in the far futured. Evolutionary trees reveal evolutionary historye. Like all species, humans are still evolving Evidence that HIV and the mutation resistant to it is by natural selection?Lecture 2:1. Plato: a. Unchanging “types”b. “Type” species are ideal species.c. Said things do not evolve and differences are mistakes and accidents.2. Aristotle: a. Great chain of beingb. Classify life by ratings from highest to lowest.3. Linnaeus:a. Gave every species a latin name.b. Developed modern system for classifying life.c. The Linnean systems4. Hutton:a. Proposed sedimentary rocks on earth are very old. The earth we see today is theresult of slow gradual changes over time.5. Lyell:a. Natural laws observable and unchanging.b. Proposed using the modern scientific method to study geological processes.6. Lamarck:a. Proposed a testable theory of evolutionary change.b. Inheritance were acquired characteristicsc. Giraffes stretch neck for food, so as a need, their offspring have longer necks. Transformation.d. Was wrong.7. Darwin:a. Beagle expedition in his 20’s.b. Developed ideas on evolution during 25 years. c. Wrote “On the origin of species” after his papers with Wallace.8. Wallace:a. Sent darwin a letter describing his theory of natural selection.b. Darwin and Wallace published natural selection paper together.c. Darwin wrote his book after. 9. Mendel: a. Studied inheritance in peasb. Published his theory describing the rules of inheritance.c. Genetics is born.10. Fisher:a. Writes the “genetical theory of natural selection.”11. Wright:a. Develops theory of random genetic drift.12. Haldene:a. Shows how even weak natural selection can cause rapid evolution.Lecture 3:- Pillars of evidenceo Convergent evolution§ Evolved to become more similar over time§ Happens under similar selection pressures§ Traits that have evolved and become similar over timeo Analogous structures§ Structures that become similar over time due to selection pressures§ EX: octopus eyes and human eyes · Octopus’s don’t have foveao Transitional stages in evolution§ Different types of eyes· Different functionalityo Ex: flatworm can sense light but cant form imageso Species on same continent tend to be similar as they share a common ancestoro Large flightless birds all close relatives§ Rheas§ Cassowaries§ Ostrich§ However they all live far away but have a common ancestor from a long time ago when continents were togethero Artificial selection§ Dogs all from a common ancestor grey wolveso Viruses§ Evolve resistance to drugso Genetics§ Natural selection only works when there is variation§ 1 in a billion DNA bases is incorrectly copied· Due to 2nd law of thermodynamics§ Point mutations· Changes in a single DNA baseo Caused by radiation· Synonymous mutationo Changes that do not change the amino acid· Nonsynonymouso Changes that do change the amino acid§ Ex: sickle cello Achondroplasia· Mutation rates vary between species· And between genes§ Per genome mutation rates are about the same between species§ Duplication mutation· Chunk of chromosome is replicated§ Inversion· A piece is flippedo Humans and chimpanzees differ by about 1500 inversionso Different color in butterflies§ Deletion· A piece is missing§ Fusions· Two chromosomes are fused togethero Ex: human chromosome 2§ Duplication· Amylaseo Different people have different number of copies dependent on diet of ancestors§ Are mutations random?· Mutations happen at random and natural selection selects on those mutations that make them better suited to that environmentLecture 4: -Biggest land animal ever discovered is Dreadnoughtus-9x heavier than an elephant-variation -measured using statistic= a number that describes anything