Slide 1Slide 2What is abnormal?Defining A Disorder: 1) DEVIANCEDEVIANCEDeviance: The Role of CultureDefining A Disorder: 2) MALADAPTIVEDefining A Disorder: 3) DISTRESSConcept Check….Concept Check…Concept Check…Continuum?A Word of CautionHistory of PsychologyHistory and Abnormal BehaviorSlide 16Biological Approach by HippocratesTraits associate with each humorHistory and Abnormal BehaviorThe Psychological ApproachPsychological ApproachPsychological ApproachSlide 23The Psychological Approach: Modern TreatmentContemporary Views of Abnormal BehaviorBiopsychosocial viewpointSlide 27Biological Viewpoints and Biological Causal FactorsThe Neuron Fires, Sending An Impulse to the Next NeuronNeurotransmitter and Hormonal ImbalancesRelevant NeurotransmittersInteraction of Biology and EnvironmentTemperamentBehavioral/environmental influencesThe Role of EmotionSociocultural ViewpointSocial and Cultural InfluencesDevelopmental ConsiderationsPsychosocial ViewpointsFreudian PsychoanalysisNewer Psychodynamic PerspectivesThe Behavioral PerspectiveBehaviorism & TreatmentThe Cognitive-Behavioral PerspectiveThe Cognitive-Behavioral PerspectiveHumanistic PerspectivePsychosocial Causal FactorsPSY 322Introduction to Abnormal Psychology“But I don’t want to go among mad people,” Alice remarked.“Oh, you can’t help that,” said the Cat. “We’re all mad here. I’m mad. You’re mad.”“How do you know I’m mad?” said Alice.“You must be,” said the Cat. “or you wouldn’t have come here.”—Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland“My friend…care for your psyche…know thyself, for once we know ourselves, we may learn how to care for ourselves.”—SocratesWhat is abnormal?3Defining A Disorder:1) DEVIANCEDEVIANCENot all Deviant behavior is badDeviance is a requirement, but cannot be the sole factorDeviance:The Role of CultureCultural norms affect perceptions of disorderMost disorders exist cross-culturally (But prominent features may differ)CannibalsDefining A Disorder:2) MALADAPTIVEMaladaptive – interfere w/LifeConsequences to life or healthImpairment of daily life functioningExample: substance abuseDefining A Disorder:3) DISTRESS Psychological distress: painful or upsetting feelingsMost people experience distress from time to timeConcept Check….Alan’s performance at work has suffered because he has been drinking alcohol to excess. Several co-workers have suggested that he seek help for his problem, but he thinks they’re getting alarmed over nothing. “I just enjoy a good time once in a while,” he says.______ ______ ______Deviance Maladaptive DistressBehaviorConcept Check…Monica has gone away to college and feels lonely, sad, and dejected. Her grades are fine, and she gets along ok with the other students in the dorm, but inside she’s choked with gloom, hopelessness, and despair.______ ______ ______Deviance Maladaptive DistressBehaviorConcept Check…Linda panics with anxiety whenever she leaves her home. Her problem escalated gradually until she was absent from work so often that she got fired. She hasn’t been out of her house in 9 months and is deeply troubled by her problem.______ ______ ______Deviance Maladaptive DistressBehaviorContinuum?Normal versus AbnormalMental Health versus Mental IllnessEveryone is deviant, maladaptive, or distressedIt’s a matter of degree, not either-or!NORMALABNORMALA Word of CautionWatch out for “psych student syndrome!”Only properly trained, competent clinicians can diagnose/treat psychological disorders.History of PsychologyHistory and Abnormal BehaviorAncient TheoriesDemonic PossessionAbnormal is DANGEROUSAncient TreatmentsIsolationTrephinationClassical Greek and Roman Views Hippocrates (360-377 BC)Father of Medicine3 categories of mental disorderManiaMelancholiaPhrenitis (brain fever)Interaction of environment, physical and biologicalFour Humors Galen (129 AD- 200 AD)Biological Approachby Hippocrates Doctrine of the 4 humorsBlood (Sanguine )Healthy, Cheerful, OptimisticToo much causes insomnia or deliriumBlack bile (Melancholia )Causes depressionPhlegm (Phlegmatic)Apathetic, sluggish, calm under stressYellow bile (Choleric)Hot tempered17Traits associate with each humorHistory and Abnormal BehaviorMiddle Ages through the Renaissance-Influence of the Roman Catholic Church-Abnormal behavior = work of the devil-Witchcraft evolved as a popular theory to explain abnormal behavior with100,000 women slain in Europe as a result of these accusations -Mass hysteria-Enlightenment by Johann Weyer and ParacelsusThe Psychological ApproachHistorical Asylum’sBethlehem Hospital, London: “Bedlam” Pennsylvania Hospital in PhiladelphiaPublic Hospital in Williamsburg, VA20The emergence of the Asylum in the late 1500s in Europe (started in Arab world 800 BC…)Psychological ApproachHumanitarian ReformPhilippe Pinel (1745-1826)Ethical treatment in La Bicetre in ParisRemoved chains, Trips outside, KindnessAmazing results!!People got better and stayed better21Psychological Approach19th Century Moral TreatmentMoral Therapy Moral= emotional or psychological Treating patients normally Encouraging social interaction Focus on relationships Individual attention Education22Dorthea Dix (1802 - 1887)“Mental hygiene movement” to improve quality of care and extend care to all in needResulted in overcrowding of institutions and a decline in quality of careTreatment focused on physical well-being Psychological problems were viewed as biological and not curable at the time 23The Psychological Approach: Modern Treatment More emphasis on “Outpatient Care”Deinstitutionalization of mentally illSometimes good, sometimes bad...Beginning of psychotropic drugs in the 1950’s changes treatment forever24Contemporary Views of Abnormal BehaviorRecent changes include:Biological discoveriesDevelopment of a classification system for mental disordersEmil KraepelinDSMPsychological causation Experimental psychological research developments25Biopsychosocial viewpointBIOPSYCHOSOCIAL VIEWPOINTBiological influencesSocial influencesDevelopmental influencesBehavioralinfluencesEmotionalinfluencesReview slides 28-47 on your own time. Much of this is review from previous classesBiological Viewpoints and Biological Causal FactorsThe five categories of biological
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