Abnormal Psych Exam 2 Study Guide# Anxiety: unpleasant emotion characterized by a general sense of danger, dread, and physio-logical arousal.-fear-normal responses to threatening or dangerous situations -everyone has different levels of anxietyAnxiety disorder- Experiencing Anxiety and fear in contexts that do not warrant such feelings dur-ing a minor threat or no threat-worry, anxiety, and fear severe and impair function-55% two or more anxiety disorders one caused by the other-26% two or more independent anxiety disorders-19% one anxiety disorder -affects 29-30% overall lifetime prevalence for adults (affects all ages)-more common among women 3 to 1 ratio-Average onset: 11 years oldPanic Attack- Discrete episode of acute terror in the absence of real danger -28.3% of people had it in their lifePanic Disorder- Descrete episides of intense terror in the absence of real danger, causing ongoing distress or impairment- Unexpected-co-morbid with agoraphobiaAgoraphobia- Intense fear or anxiety that occurs upon exposure to a range of possible situations. Leads to avoidance of those situations.- Fear that escape might be difficult or help might not be available for panic- Common for panic disorder to progress agoraphobiaGeneralized Anxiety Disorder- Chronic, debilitating, pervasive worry, anxiety or nervousness for atleast 6 months-worried most of time-not limited to specific situation-causes distress and interferes with functionSpecific Phobia- An intense persistent and irrational fear of a specific object or situation.-animal phobias-blood/injection/injury-situational-natural environmentSocial Anxiety Disorder: Marked fear or anxiety of social situation in which fears whey will be scru-tinized and evaluated negatively by others-3rd most disorder in US-social phobia- 50% of people with this also have other anxiety disordersClassical Conditioning- having something or a situation that makes you nervous that brings on anx-iety. (pairing)Operant condition- Negatively enforced, Avoidance.Biological Factors effecting Anxiety:-Genetics- account for 30-40% of individuals vulnerability-GABA- inactivity-Brain circuits- impaired - Anxiety: prefrontal > anterior congulate > amygdala - Panic: amygdala > ventromedial nucleus > locus ceruleus - shared amygdalaPsychodynamic Treatments: -Benzodiazepines (Valium, Xanax, Ativan)- enhance GABA, physically addictive, undesirable side ef-fects-Antidepressants (SSRIs)Cognitive Treatments:-changing maladaptive assumptions and misinterpretations - points out irrational thinking, used for multiple anxiety disorder, Beck, Ellis (rational-emotive)-examine role of worrying-biological challengeBehavioral Treatments:-Exposure treatments-Systematic desensitization- progressively more anxiety provoking stimuli-vivo- live exposure -covert- imaginal (virtual reality)Cognitive-Behavioral Treatments:-Exposure combined with cognitive treatments. Changes patterns of thinking or behavior that makes theperson feel that way# Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: Anxiety disorder in which distressing and unwanted thoughts lead to compulsive rituals that significantly interfere with daily function.\-Obsessions: recurrent, persistent, intrusive thoughts or impulses-Compulsions: Irrational rituals that are repeated in an effort to control or neutralize anxiety bright by obsessional thoughts.-Psychodynamic Factors:-defense mechanisms of “Isolation of Affect” (thoughts occur without feeling) -“Undoing” (one action use to cancel out another)-Behavioral Factors: - classical (accidental association)- operant (reinforcement in anxiety)-Cognitive Factors: - attempts to neutralize intrusive thoughts - high standards and strong feeling of responsibility-Biological Facotrs - Abnormal serotonin activity- abnormal brain structure/functioning-Parts of Brain effected-Orbitofrontal cortex and caudate nuclei-Treatment:-Exposure and response Prevention-Behavioral treatment that interrupts compulsions and negative reinforcement-Cognitive techniques to replace beliefs -Antidepressants often added-Body Dysmorphic Disorder: An overwhelming concern that some part of the body is ugly or mis-shapen -Trichotillomania: repetitive hair pulling that results in noticeable hair loss: individuals feel powerless to stop pulling-Excoriation Disorder: Skin-Picking Disorder-Hoarding: Not being able to get rid of your stuff# Stress Disorders-Trauma and Stressor Related Disorder-Acute stress disorder-PTSD-Dissociative Disorders-Depersonalization-Derealization-Dissociative Identity Disorder-Biological stress systems activated by hypothalamus:-Autonomic nervous system (regulates function of organs/periphreal system/controls some of the muscles in body) > sympathetic nervous pathway (flight or fight response/body reacts to danger)-Endocrine System > hypothalamic pituitary adrenal pathway-ACTH stimulates Adrenal Cortex (released by pituitary gland or HPA)Trait Anxiety- general level of arousal and anxietyState Anxiety- sense of which situation are threateningPTSD- stress where symptoms last longer than 1 month-90% of Americans have been exposed to trauma on 5-11% develop PTSD-Symptoms: Intrusion, Avoidance, Negative alterations in mood (anxiety and guilt), Changes in arousal (destructive, startle response)Acute Stress Disorder: stress symptoms last from 3 days to 1 month-Traumatic causes: combat, disasters, victimization, terrorism-Treatment of the two:-Critical incident stress debriefing (talking about feelings and reactions within days of incident)-Research has shown that debriefing (interrogating) increases symptoms and duration of reac-tionDissociative Disorders-Transient feelings are common-Dissociative Amnesia- Inability to recall important autobiographal information usually of a traumatic/stressful nature-Localized- no memory of events usually from several hours to two days-Selective- can recover small parts.-Generalized- recovery from amnesia from short period of time-Continuous- loss of memory after certain time up to the present.-Dissociative Identity Disorder- Disruption of identity characterized by two or more distinct personal-ity states. multiple personality disorder- Depersonalization-Derealization- Experiences of unreality or detachment from one’s body or sur-roundings. External observer-Biological Model- Non, may alter hippocampus and amygdala-Psychodynamic- defense mechanism of repressions (lifetime repression)-DID controversies- “memories change”- Primo