enzymes What does the neocortex control? After the first exposure of alcohol, the amount of ___ increases, therefore therefore there is a lesser effect the next time. How do scientists test animals for anxiety? What is effective dosage?motor initiation and termination What how does an NMDA receptor function? In a graph, the more the dose-response curve is to the right,it is (more,less) potent? What does the basal ganglia control? What is the definition of drug at the neural level?a class of drugs that are believed to cause the GABA receptor GABAa to have a higher affinity for GABA What is a chronic drug's half life What is a benzodiazepine? What are neurons like before training? What is an fMRI?ionizedtrappedneutral Contingent tolerance is an ___ response in which the tolerance is a compensatory conditioned to diminish the effect. Once inside the blood , aspirinbecomes more ___ (by accepting the protons), and thus “___” in the bloodstream and cannot return to the stomach. It is becomes more basic and close to ___. Which drug blocks opioid receptors and is used for emergencies for heroin users?what is a placebo?Pharmacological toleranceCellular adaptive toleranceBehavioral tolerance Most molecules are selectively pumped into the brain by the ___ system. How is half-life used to determine the dosage intervalsfor administering a drug? What does negative feedback lead to? Types of drug tolerance:(3)the continued use of a drug amplifies the effect What is sensitization? What is an escape procedure?What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement? What is reverse tolerance?skinner box What is down-regulation? what box is used in the lever-pressing test? What is the point of the double-blind experiment? What are the effects of the chronic use of a drug?the changes in the system that result in requiringtaking more amount of drug to get the same initial effectafter first exposure to the drug What is unique about oral administration? What is drug tolerance?Where are drugs synthesized? What are the receptors that GABA binds to? (subtypes)There is none. They both alter biological functions. When a NT is in the presence of a competitive antagonist, the graph shifts ___ and the max effect ___. GABAb has how many binding sites and what ion passes through the channel? What is the difference between medicine and drug? What are the receptors that GABA binds to? (subtypes)with adaptation, there is only one event (stimulus) What is the function of CNS depressants? What happens if the concentration of a drug is bounded?What is a benzodiazepine? What is the difference between adaptation and conditioning?TI = TD50/ED50It is a quantitativemeasure for estimating how “safe” a drug is with respectto the toxic dosage. What is therapeutic index? How do scientists test animals for analgesia (no pain)? What is the definition of drug at the physiologicallevel? What is behavioral tolerance?relief from anxiety, disinhibition, sedation, hypnosis(sleep), general anesthesia, coma, death What does the basal ganglia control?What is a chronic drug's half life Filtration depends on: What are the effects of CNS depressant administration from lowest to highest dosage?diagonal, linear, increasing line (the more stimlus, the more response) What affects the drug absorption rate? What does the stimulus-response graph look like after learning? What does the thalamus control? What is the half-life of distribution?membrane Receptor molecules lie in a cell's __What is a therapeutic effect? What does the N. Acc. (Nucleus Accumbus) control? In a synthetic reaction, an ___ alters the new molecule by making it more or less ___ or ___.oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis In a non-synthetic reaction, the parent drug is modified by:(3) When is the maximal response is reached? Conjugation groups: When a NT is in the presence of a non-competitive antagonist, the graph shifts ___ and the max effect ___.bliss synthesiaed on demand, CB(cannabinoid) receptor Any receptor that is not ionotropic is ___Conjugation groups: What is anandamide basically and what receptor does it bind to? What is toxic effect?Metabotrophic Any receptor that is not ionotropic is ___ Self-medication can be beneficial or detrimental based on ___ When a NT is in the presence of a non-competitive antagonist, the graph shifts ___ and the max effect ___. what do hydromorphine, morphine, codeine, and aspirin have in common? How is aspirin different?molecular/biochemical action at the binding site What is a drug action?Alcoholics have so many enzymes that ___. What does the pituitary gland control? What is the function of a non-NMDA receptor on a neuron?the slope increases (less input than original for same result) What is therapeutic index? What does the stimulus response graph look like for sensitization? What is a full agonist?What is a partial agonist?antagonists? What does negative feedback lead to?neurotransmitters What does dopamine (cocaine) function as in the brain?Any receptor that is not ionotropic is ___ What are the characteristics of lipid soluble drug absorption? What is the Differential Reinforcement of Low Rate of Responding (DRL) schedule?ligand only requires 1 event while NMDA requires 2 What is a therapeutic effect? What happens if the concentration of a drug is bounded? What is the difference between the NMDA receptor and a normal ligand gated receptor? What are the stimuli and responses in the Pavlovian experiment?solubility, pH What affects the drug absorption rate?What is an antagonist? What is potency? What are the characteristics of lipid soluble drug absorption?enzyme, water soluble, lipid soluble What are the two rules to follow biochemical ethics? In a synthetic reaction, an ___ alters the new molecule by making it more or less ___ or ___. Any receptor that is not ionotropic is ___ What are neurons like before training?A receptor with a channel pore that ions can flow through. What is an ionotropic receptor (ionic channel)? What is specificity(selectivity)?In order to make up for a low amount of neurotransmitters, there is a raise in receptor density. This leadsto ___. Therefore, the limiting factor is ___ What is a ligand?depression, receptor occupancy After the first exposure of alcohol, the amount of ___ increases, therefore therefore there is a lesser effect the next time. In order to make up for a low amount of neurotransmitters, there is a raise in receptor density. This leadsto ___. Therefore, the limiting factor is